LICEUS

Sunday, February 15, 2026

Academical contradiction

The contradiction that here I want consider is so evident that nobody has seen, a academic painter that is against the academic tradition; who is? The reality about this brotherhood is given by John Ruskin, in an article to Times in data 13^th may 1851, that underlines this absolute not sense of name and works, it is enough read this step: “These pre-Raphaelite( to I must give my compliments to name) they don’t desire and not exigent to imitate the ancient painting. Who has this opinion manifests his ignorance to ancient painting, who thinks that is similar painting of these painters and ancient…the pre-Raphaelite don’t want renounce to some vantage that the actual knowledge and inventiveness can offer to their art"; it is right cetainly, in fact Ruskin has made a synthesis, but the subject that Ruskin has considered, as who ignorant the ancient painter, to Ruskin he is impersonal, but identity of this person is John Ruskin(1819-1900), because he hasn't found the models of pre-Raphaelite brotherhood; hence Ruskin has written about this painters but hewas absolutely extraneous to pre-Raphaelite, and I think that he was extraneous also to Medieval Italian painters; anyway the judgemnet of Ruskin is true, they don't lost nothing of new way, they, as every painters before them, have took from past and they have translated with other style in they present; the name of brothrhood is very far from the truth, because before Raphael is the name alone; Dante Gabriele Rossetti(1828-1882), that despite his name was British but evidently influenced from his origin, because he was son of a Italian patriot Gabriel Rossetti, banned from Italy and exiled to London after 1821, instead to his prefered model, this is the wife of William Morris(1834-1896), Jane Morris(1839-1914) beautiful woman also today(Fig.1a), to her Rossetti has kept partial idealism, because he has modified the the lips, it is enought confront the photo and the portraits; it is a irrilevant particular, but it is means that Dante has wanted followed his idealism; hence the realism of pre-Raphaelit is now alone partial set side. The contradiction is in his style, because he want outrun the academic style but he uses it always, and the principal of his brotherhood, this is take the style and the spirituality of painter before Raphael(1483-1520) is a failed in painting because he took the academic style, because we must consider that he lived in Victorian British when the form was more important than essence; in fact he repeated same style to face and subjects: same face and subject (Fig.1), is sama face, whilethe posture Rossetti has took from Guido Reni(Fig.2); what is characteristic that bond these painting? The beautiful of drawing, the drafting of colors, the line very perfect; the cloth of model, that is the wife of Rossetti, Elizabeth Siddal(1829-1862), is perfect woman and perfect model, the similarities is due by the same model, but the cloth is different, and the academic culture of Rossetti is evident in treatment of this matter, that is silky may, we can think that this accurate definition of textile matter is due from influence of Beato Angelico(1395-1455)(Fig.3), that Dante could studied very much and take the cloth matter; and may from study of this painting Dante has had the idea of this brotherhood; but an influence certainly radical to cloth of Rossetti is that of Peter Lely(1618-1680), a portraitist painter that in London from 1640 has portrait major part of British aristocracy, and an painting, above all, could influenced the light and formal definition of Dante, this painting is Portrait of young lady(Fig.4) and the portrait of Nell Gwynne(Fig.5), that keep the refulgent light of cloth of Dante; the line and drafting are of Dutch origin; hence the style of Rossetti is a translation of academic model of British, this is he took the model that before and after the Raphael, because Lely lived on 17^th century; thereupon the intent of ideal of the Pre-Raphaelite brotherhood is absolutely failed, because Dante took from after and before Raphael, fro contradictions it is very exemplar.Further is likewise contradictory models that a member of this brotherhood, because Peter von Cornelius(1783-1867), to his The Parable of Wise and Foolish Virgins(Fig.6), dated 1813-1816, he culls the model that changed to posture but, certainly, he took the Virgin in Universal judgment(Fig.7) that is took to central female figure, and Pontormo, this is Jacopo Carucci(1494-1557), is necessary to the female figures on right that embraced one other; and the return to Raphael and Athens school is to male figure on the center of same painting(Fig.11), because it took from other figure of Raphael(Fig.12); the architecture of Athens school was necessary to other building in Joseph Recognised to his Brothers(Figs.13-14)of same von Cornelius. The Raphael now is accompanied to Girolamo Siciolante called Sermoneta(1521-1575), because Friedrich Johann Overbeck, to his Joseph Being Sold by his Brothers, in 1816(Fig.15), to the figure on right from behind(Fig.16) followed two models one is in front of and other from behind, I intend two figures, the first from Siciolante, above mentioned, (Fig.17) and the second is from Raphael in mentioned School of Athens(Fig.18), that has suggested the from behind position.Some hint of history of this brotherhood given Steven Adams(The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, p.28) was founded in London in September 1848. Initially a secret society, there were seven founder-members: John Everett Millais (1829-96), William Holman Hunt (1827-1910), James Collinson (1825-81), FG Stephens (1828-1907), Thomas Woolner (1825-92), who was the only sculptor among the group, and William Michael Rossetti (1829-1919), a tax clerk by trade and the Brother- of Dante Gabriele. But the contradiction is constant to Pre-Raphaelite exponents because we can consider the models that Peter von Cornelius, has took to his The Last Judgement(Fig.18); he took from Raphael the Christ of Ascension(Fig.19), and the crow is directly took from Universal judgement of Michelangelo(Figs.20-21); we must also consider that sometimes also in Pre-Raphaelite is some coherence, because Edward Burne-Jones, to his painting The Mill(Fig.22) has took the cloth of Giovanni di Paolo, to painting the Final judgement(Fig.23), same finesse of sewing, and Giovanni di Paolo(1403-1482) is precedent to Raphael; and Jones encouraged from John Ruskin(1819-1900) gone to Italy, where he certainly could see the medieval painter of Italian, and Jones become a connoisseurs very skilled of Tuscan painters, hence he seen certainly also Giovanni di Paolo in Siena(Fig.24), but I think that Jones hasn’t lost the cloth of child of Madonna of milk(Fig.25) of Ambrogio Lorenzetti(1290-1348), same folds and intensity of cloth and the Purification of the Virgin(Figs.26-27) and the Annunciation in Scrovegni chapel(Fig.28) frescoed by Giotto(died in 1337) ; but to each virtue of coherence a sin of incoherence occurs, in fact the posture of three figures of Jones is took from The three graces of Canova(1757-1822)(Fig.29) and Thorvaldsen(1770-1844)(Fig.30). To Ford Madox Brown, Wycliffe Reading his Translation of the New Testament to his Protector(Fig.31), Brown has considered and developed to his iconography the Baptism of Christ of Piero della Francesca(Fig.32); he developed the right side with other figures, it is necessary to equilibrate iconography, that Piero has balanced with figure of Saint John Baptist and other figure on back that is stripping, hence the equilibrium is reached, but Brown have to paint other subject and other iconography, therefore he has took the composition of Piero and has conceived his composition, and the naturalism of Piero is present; the boy that is bringing the books on left side is a touch of naturalism the to wit has took from Piero, the figure on back, that we has seen in Piero, that is very natural, has a correspondence here to this boy, because he is natural, thereupon Brown saved the mystical representation and also the human nature. Raphael is present to composition and ideation of The Seeds and Fruits of English Poetry is suggested from Athens school of Raphael; we must give attention to this inspiration, because apparently nothing connection is, but two figures on high to center are directly from Aristotle and Platoon(Fig.34), and the crowd is took directly from same numerous below of same school(Fig.35), after all the intellectual subject is present also to painting of Brown, on stead be philosophy is poetry. To Sir John Everett Millais(1829-1896), that has painted Isabella(Fig.36), Michelangelo Merisi called the Caravaggio(1571-1610) is motive to composition, the Dinner in Emmaus(Fig.37) is ideation to composition, although Millais has composed with more figures, but the subject is different; it is enough consider the edge of table(Fig.38), that is directly kinsman of painting of Caravaggio, same ideation of space, the edge is stressed from leg of the figure, but composition is very similar, also because the waiter on right is correspondent to waiter of Caravaggio. Raphael is always ready to use, because Millais is convinced user of the School of Athens, because the Cymon and Iphigenia(Fig.39) is remade of two central philosopher Platoon and Aristotle(Fig.34) and the figures around. But Caravaggio turns to Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Ecce Ancilla DominiFig.40), although more terrain than Caravaggio, because in Annunciation of Nancy(Fig.41), angel is touching down whereas the Rossetti’s angel is on land, but same posture from behind is same, the posture of Mary is similar, although the composition is different because nneds of painters were different, and the times are very different. Always Raphael is useful to William Hunt(1827-1910) to Christ and two maries(Fig.42), onstead to one mary he has took the Virgin of Caravaggio(Fig.41); and same Caravggio, above mentioned, is usefull also to composition of The return of dove(Fig.43) of Millais, whose composition is directly took from Incredulity of Saint Thomas. Hunt after sees alone Michelangelo and the Sistine Chapel because in his A converted British family sheltering a Christian missionary(Fig.45), he didn’t lost the appointment to Michelangelo and the very famous Chapel, because to figure from shoulder on right is took from posture of Sybille’s, on the vault of chapel above mentioned, and from the Christ in the church of Minerva, of same Michelangelo(Fig.48); and the Sistine chapel is catalog of postures always present, because to the adolescent on ground, laid on ground the posture of legs is suggested from different figures(Figs.49-54); Ford Madox Brown took from Raphael and Madonna Sistine(Fig.55) to The Pretty Baa-Lambs(Fig.56), further the clot that to Raphael is evidently and dynamic in Brown is very splay, but the cloth dresses the figure as Raphael, almost an homage to Renaissance master. Hunt to The light of word(Fig.57) took again Raphael and the Athens school, to figure of Platoon(Fig.34); the naturalism(S. Adams, The pre-Raphaelites art, p.37) that is evident to much painting of these painters, is a address that in every painters in history of art, and the 19^th century isn’t exception, but in this century is predominant, also in neoclassicism some time is evident that natural adherence, as Daedalus and Icarus(Fig.58), the figure of Daedalus is very natural old age. Same Hunt to his The awakening conscience (Fig.59) has took one reference, this is one Virgins that are seated in throne that in Italy are very much, I took in random of Perugino(Fig.60) and for the male may some figure of Universal judgement (Fig.61). Hunt to Isabella and the pot of basil(Fig.62) mixed two models from Raphael one if the Sistine Virgin(Fig.55) and the second is the Virgin on chair(Fig.63) to first model he copied the posture, and to second Hunt took the affect manifestation of a mother, with the cheek to head of child.To a painting of Edward Coley Burne-Jones, Dorigen of Britain Waiting for the Return of her Husband(Fig.64), Jones took directly or indirectly, through the engraving, from Federico Barocci(Figs.65-66), the posture is different but the idea of open arms is from Barocci; as The laus Veneris(Fig.67) directly from Cleopatra in Vatican Museums(Fig.68); other painting of Jones of Dorigen(Fig.69) same sculpture has suggested this posture, or may other ancient sculptures as the Campidoglio(Figs.70-71). Burn Jones Death of Arthur, (Fig.72) that took models from Roman Baroque, to architecture(Figs.73-74), he has took from colonnade of Bernini in Basilica of Saint Peter, Rome, that he used to representation of architecture on sides; the female figure on right with particular posture is suggested from the male figure on center of Athens school of Raffaello(Figs.78), and other figure of Sistine chapel(Fig.53), the female figures from behind are took from Giotto(Figs.79-81) and Sano di Pietro(1405-1481) from Preach of saint Bernardin in Siena(Fig.80a), the at last to this painting follows the name of brotherood, because Sano died two years before that Raphael is born; and the central composition is suggested(Fig.82) from Mantegna to Death of Virgin(Fig.83). To Rossetti the Dantis amor(Fig.84) the Sistine Madonna(Fig.55) is again usefull.William Hunt(1827-1910) to his The finding of the savior in the temple(Fig.85) took two painting of Raphael it are the Athens school(Fig.86) and the Dispute about sacrament(Fig.87), from the first is took directly the prospective to center and from the second crowd on the right side, it isn’t specular to postures and other but the idea is from this fresco. Rossetti seems not desist from Raphael and his Athens school, because to Wedding of Saint George and Princess Sabra(Fig.88), to posture of the saint he has took directly from a figure of Athens school(Fig.89), that somebody has pinted or drawn to him. Henry Wallis(1830-1916), painted The Stonebreaker(Fig.90) and to posture he has took a central figure in the Athens school(Fig.91); on stead the abandon of classicism and the grant of reality as to the model is to John Brett, The Stonebreaker(Fig.92), whose posture is suggested from Judith and Oloferne(Fig.93); John Brett to The stonebreaker(Fig.94) has took two models from Michelangelo, the first is the prophet Jonah(Fig.95), to posture of legs, and to hand up of young is inevitable Christ of Judice(Fig.94). Arthur Hughes(1832-1915) to his Ophelia(Fig.95) is very much pre-Raphaelite master, at last regard of model, because he has took the Mercury of Spring of Botticelli(Fig.96), the posture is too similar to be simple coincidence; but he become immediately Michelangiolesque to other Ophelia(Fig.97), that is suggested, to posture, from a figure of Universal judgement of Michelangelo(Fig.98). Dante Rossetti following the way of his colleagues also he took the suggest of somebody that has descripted or drown the canvas of Pieter Paul Rubens in Roman church of Vallicella(Fig.100), and he has painted the The beloved(Fig.99), the composition is different and it is evident but we must consider that this work of Rubens is alone descripted and Rossetti has took that was necessary; the figures that in Rubens work are distributed about here are collated around the central figure, that in Rubens is the Virgin, suggestion is valid and model is after Raphael. Same Rossetti has also granted the suggestion of a figure to Tomb of Arthur(Fig.101) bowed, this position is certainly come from Euclid of Raphael(Fig.102), the same position but different motives; instead for the decoration on below(Fig.103), is took, now directly from some Egyptian painted in the Victoria and Albert museum of London(Fig.104). To Ford Madox Brown, Christ washing Peter’s feet(Fig.105), he has took from Prophet Zachariah in the Sistine chapel(Fig.106) but the same figure is used also to Peter to counterpart, but to postures of these two figures Brown has took the same Michelangelo’s model. Michelangelo continued to inspirade Rossetti, because other painting has took, to indications of others, the posture of Jane Morris to this subject(Fig.107), that has took from Sibille Delphic(Fig.108), Cumana(Fig.109) and Eritrea(Fig.110). Thomas Farrer(1819-1899), to his Gone! Gone!(Fig.111) the crying woman suggestion is from same female figure of Caravaggio(Fig.112); although the position is different the realism is certainly ordered from Ruskin, but the behavior is from Merisi.Sometime also the painter of pre-Raphaelite brotherhood took some model forgoing to Raphael, because the author the Woman with long hair(Fig.115), because model of posture of these hair is a Virgin(Figs.116-119) of Middle age; to Evelyn De Morgan(1855-1919) a painter woman that to hers Flora(Fig.120) has took directly from The Spring of Sandro Botticelli(1445-1510), same female figure of Florentine(Fig.121), form same Renaissance painting De Morgan took the figure in the center(Fig.122), to hers Helen of Troy(Fig.123), with different posture but because otherwise it could be a copy; to hers Love potion(Fig.124) the posture is directly from Sibyls of Michelangelo in Sistine chapel(Figs.125-127); to hers Medea(Fig.128), instead she has took two models, the first is foregoing Raphael, this is female figure in the center of The spring(Fig.123), but to architecture((Fig.129) took directly from Athens school of Raphael(Fig.130). The appointment to Botticelli is fixed, because De Morgan took same figure to The Crown of Glory(Fig.131), in counterpart, but same figure; instead we must outrun the time of Raphael and it must see to ancient Egypt, because hieroglyphic(Figs.132-133) in London have suggested the posture to Angel of death(Fig.134), the almost two-dimensional image, rigorously to profile is suggested from hieroglyphics in Museum of London; Evelyn has took now Raphael to hers S.O.S.(Fig.134a), the Christ of Ascension(Fig.19); to the Arianna quit to Naxos(Fig.135), she has took the posture of Conversion of Saul(Fig.136); after Raphael is posture of Hermes(137), because inevitable naked(Figs.138-140) of Sistine chapel, that she has took again to In memoriam(Fig.141); to Earthly(Fig.142) she has took allegory of Day of Michelangelo in de’Medici chapel(Fig.143). To The captives(Fig.144), Evelyn has chosen the same model of S.O.S., but now with an interpretation very original, it is evident sufficient confront to the superior side of Christ of Ascension(Fig.145); three figure below and one with open arms and all is evident; but a suggestion French-American is granted to Hero holding the beacon for Leander(Fig.146), why American? Because the sculpture of Liberty until 4^th July 1884 has been to Paris, and this painting is worked in 1885, therefore Evelyn could see the sculpture, after donated to USA. Joseph Noel Paton,(1821-1901), to The Bluidie Tryst follows same painter to patter but two different painting, the same painter is Caravaggio, and the paintings are The death of Virgin(Fig.149) , that he has took to corpse and to the female figure he has took the Christ of Conversion of Saint Matthew(Fig.150), the stretched out arm, both is Conversion and The death(Fig.151), follow Caravaggio and his stretch out arms. Ford Madox Brown(1821-1893) to his The Body of Harold brought to William the Conqueror(Fig.152), took from Giorgione, precisely from Madonna di Castelfranco(Figs.153-154), and he took also the flag, that is reused to his painting, the William the conqueror that is up the painting is from Giorgione, instead the figure on right(Fig.155), to posture of arm is took from Christ of Universal judgement(Fig.156). To The Lady of Shalott(Fig.157), John William Waterhouse(1849-1917) has took the hieroglyphics in some museum of London, the model of this suggestion we can imagine(Figs.158-159), the composition is very particular because a figure in boat is strange, therefore a model could be the holy Egyptian travel to Aaru, this is the ancient Egyptian paradise. Ancient Egypt is motive to inspiration very rich because also Frederick Sandys(1829-1904) to Morgan-Le-Fay(Fig.162), has took the other female figure(Fig.163), and we can say that these models are truly pre-Raphaelite, because are more than two thousand years before birth of Raphael. Sidney Harold Meteyard, The lady of Shalott(Fig.163), that is suggested from posture of saint Gerome(Fig.164) of Caravaggio.Rosseti, much times mentioned above, to his Dante’s dream(Fig.165) has took suggestion from Zurbaran(Fig.166) the long mantle of Virgin is too similar to curtain hold from female figures, the figure about of Zurbaran in Rossetti’s painting are differente but we must consider that it isn’t a painting whit holy subject. Walter Crane to The Lady of Shalott(Fig.167) followed the ancient Egypt and he mixed two iconographies(Figs.168-169), the mean is same, painting of Crane is similar to voyage to paradise, and he took the same funeral dynamic of Egypt, when the soul of pharaoh was brought to Aaru, the paradise.