Polybius, this is historical work

The read of think about policy of Polyibius(206 b.Ch-118 b.Ch), he was a Greek ancient historical and he told about much wars of Roman empire, and today we have alone five books of his Historias, this histories, about Punic wars; but interesting is that he in this book about method work of historical he expresses some concept that today should be normal for historical work, but often lack, this is truth about question more or less important, he says: “I let that historical can inclines to his town but no certainly that they make false tales for an own gain”, this question, very ancient and today actual again, shows how that historical lie is very ancient, and above all for same motive, favours or gain; this is important for to understand, and Polybius advises to reader about it, that: “Then readers must diligently to understand this lies and the historical must avoid it”; this is no certainly original advise, but simply a right historical work. This concept he repeated in other step of this book, and he says: “…and neither we must trust to historical that subordinates historical truth to own interest”, and “The history joins very much persons and future generations, while discourses are to present occasion alone, so historical must consider very much truth…”. Other advises he given, this is: “Two genders are about lie, one is for ignorance and other for will. We must forgive lie for ignorance but we must turn away who lies for will”. Certainly these advises are today normal behaviour, but we must consider that often these advises are forgotten because we have some interest so that this forgetfulness happens, therefore Polybius was right when he says that everyone has interest and because of this interest we forgotten; then Polybius is very nasty, because he says to man what are men.

Alessandro Lusana     

               

 

 

Philosophical criterions and critical studies

This essay is about art history and involves pilosophical criterions for critical studies, this is some criterions research that we can see in ancient philosophers and that we can use also to art history; we must consider that these are general criterions that we can involve every field research, from Eubolides, a philosopher of 3th century b.C. we can take a concept that in art history, history, economic and other studies is essential, this is relativism, this is every thing is realitive to other and every concept is realitve other concepts, therefore we can involve art history with a basic concept, this is that art history is connected with space and economic state, and public of this space, this is people of a town that can understand a painting or no; questions that artist had to ask his self, therefore everything was relative, about economic matter we can consider that a commission can guarantee other commissions if place was rich or, better, if a place  was important for policy or other; then much purchaser can make commissions, and culture of place because this factor could guarantees other works, but this is factor was connected with culture of place and culture of purchasers. Other criterion is the dialectic; this is fight between generations of artist and styles, in Rome cultural fight between Cavalier d’Arpino and Caravaggio, this is between Mannierism and realistic painting, then fight between two schools and two styles; but after this consideration emerges the third philosophical step, this is the Hegelian synthesis, this is the fusion of contrary principles, and this fusion at last about Caravaggio is to the first version of Conversion of saint Paul, very next to Mannierism, and very little realistic, but this dynamic energy of dialectic is present also in head of artist, models and styles that are fighting among them and after they take synthesis, and final style is collected in painting, then we can find much cultural addresses in one single painting; then a painting of Sementi, an Italian painter of 17^th  century, that for an altarpiece he used Pieter Paul Rubens, Charles Saraceni, Guy Reni and Cavalier d’Arpino, together in one painting, today in Sermoneta; every artist takes and transfers much models that he chose and that have fought in his head for dynamic dialectic, then relativism, dialectic and synthesis are principles of philosophical think that we can use in art history also.

Alessandro Lusana     

     

 

 

Life is dream

Delia was a librarian of a great library and she had usually dreams of women, her age was 44 years and she wanted a family with a husband and very much sons and daughters, usual dreams that she lived every day because she awaked at 6:00 A.M. she prepared breakfast to her family and after clothed sons and daughters, they were six, she at 9:00 was to job; she considered always herself a librarian but she was director of library. Delia was lover of read, she red philosophy, literature, history, theologian, semiotic and other, she loved her job, and she wanted always librarian, in fact she helped students with Latin and Greek literature, history and other, students loved hers and she loved help them, she wander around in library because she ordered books and after she red it, she wanted see how students studied  and she made private lessons in library; in fact every student was ready always; she when begun read of a book she left knowledge of time and she was involved in read always, she tried with fantasy, and she imagined scenes that she red, therefore Shakespearian dramas and Divine Comedy of Dante Alighieri and others therefore her life was all between books. The night she slept in her home and she didn’t dreamed never; her husband, very expert psychologist, asked often what she dreamed, but she answered that nothing, and her husband give oneself same question: “Why?”, and she answered that her life was very boring then nothing was exciting; but a day Philip, her husband, during a very romantic dinner at their home, he asked: “Can I know age of your lovers?”, Delia with goggle eyed fixed Philip, and he asked again: “Do you want salad, I advise it because is very good”, therefore: “What is age?”, Delia was very embarrassed looked other side of room, and Philip seen hers and: “Delia, I know it from much time, and I understand perfectly it, this is I want that you are very happy, but you must remember that you have six sons and daughter, and I must consider that I neglected you, and you need of emotions because your job is certainly interesting but you are a beautiful woman, you are redhead, thin and very fine woman, I understand that some student or your colleague has failed in love to you”. Delia asked “Why do now you ask it alone?”, and Philip: “Because I want that you practise your emotions”, Delia fixed with eyes Philip and: “Why?”, and Philip after eat a bit of cookie, and drunk a glass of wine: “Because among some minutes will ring alarm clock”, then Delia seen clock and: “Duty calls, and we must sleep, otherwise our dream will end”, and “Alexander is his name, and his age is 47 years; he is a right-wing or better a pure Nazi and he is stranger, and he is extremist to study also”, and Philip: “When do you will meet him?”, and Delia: “To next hours, now we must sleep then live, because we have six sons and daughters”, and Philip: “I am sorry but I don’t understand because we can live when we sleep alone” and Delia: “Because life is a dream, good night love, now we must sleep because otherwise we will be late, among fifteen minutes I will open library, I am director, I can’t be late”. Then he plug off light.

Alessandro Lusana