“The masters of histories…

The masters of histories…, these words are from a manuscript on the 15th century that has history of Trista and Isoct, traslated in Italian language around 80s of 15th century, but this is a evident proof of origin of tells of round table, because this words are very im portant to know thisd originbecause in history of Tristan and Isolt this words may for three time are present, and these Masters are minstrels, this is storytellers that round among cities and villages they sung daring enterprises of knights and gained salary. I think that these masters had also some information about classical literaure, I don’ think that they read it but they had heard some master that sung Aeneid, because written traslation of these histories, is very longe from classical literature but it are next to adventures of Odysseus and Aeneas, we don’t find never same episodes but same spirit and same protagonism of a hero, that has medieval habit, then a behaviour code very different from classical adventures, because these classical adventure are above all on the sea, on contrary knights are on the word, but this changement of landascape is secondary if we consider that origin is same, because also in ancient greek storytellers are present and Homer these have took for his Troy war, then the literary genre of knights is from The Masters of histories. 

Alessandro Lusana 

    

    

 

 

Rational sensationism:Berkeley

The Treatise on principles of knwoledge of George Berkeley is a very sensationism treatise, this is a consideration of direct knoledge through senses, this is normal, if we see this concept no philosophical but only daily. We must consider that on Berkeley and his philosophical think much persons have seen idealism as an assantial function, but they have confused and mistaked idealism of Plato and common idealism of philosophical nature, because it is mistake, this is ideas on think of Berkeley is image, because it keeps his original nature of word from ancient Greek, this is image, and it is evident on a step of this treatise: “Light and colors, cold and warm, estension and figure, everything we see and feel, are alone sensations, noctions, ideas, this is sensitive impressions? It is possible split also in the think one alone these thing from perceptions?”, this is every thing is sensible and we can see it and keep in the memory and keep ideas this is image; then every thing is ideal because is image from ιδέα, image from ancient Greek, then Berkeley is very near to word and material word, no certainly next to platonic idealism.

Alessandro Lusana   

  

 

 

Gain and theory

During the read of Treatedof painter and sculture of Pietro Berrettini, called da Cortona, we can consider that this treated is a true moral document for painters and sculptor, because he condems use of imagines for nude representations, womans nude and other anatomical of body that in picture he refuses and considers obscene; we can think this book a tipical think of Catholic Reform, although he written this book is edited at 1652, we are very distant from tension moral after Concil of Trento, but Cortona was very near to Gesuitic order, in fact this treated is written with a gesuit; and we can justify this moral conception because Cortona was very Catholic, but alone when this moral tension was theory alone; in fact it is sufficient see some painters of Cortona and we canconsider that this moralism is lost, for examples The golden age(fig.1), eleven figures and much are nude, inclusive womans, other painter Cupido and Pan(fig.2) two nude figures, and Allegory of arts(fig.3), a nude woman figure is very present. Motive of this  contradiction is for gain and will of costumer, this is who pays is master then you paint that I want; then ideal tension is alone theorical; contraddiction is very much evident for a step of this treated and painter of Cortona, but we can consider theory and practical think, in fact Cortona said: “When they(costumers) order lascivious and dishonest we can obey, becausewe must consider respect for our soul than to indulge other ‘pleasure”, and regard to copy paints that are lascivious he said: “The painter must copy paints that are perfect and both style and moral”, very right we can comment, but Cortona has copied the Galatea of Raffaello and she is naked(fig.4); then Cortona has judged very well but he has worked very wrong.

Alessandro Lusana

 

 

Fig.1

Fig.2

Fig.3

Fig.4

 

 

 

 

Catholic republican cathechism
Antonio Zalivani a parish and repubblican that writeen, at 1797 a book with title Repubblican  Catechism of Citizen; we must consider that adjective repubblican was reported to a general concept and model of political state, no certainly a model reported to federalism model after American revolution. These opinions and ideas of this religious man were very revolutionary, but we must read this book with attention and we are going to find ideas that are very ancient, because democratic opinion of Zalivani are very next to democracy of Clisthenes in Areopagus of Athen, from fifht century before Christ, and  he said, fro example: “Nobody there is in sociaty that can live alone and nobody can be happy without aide with other”, this concept is took from Christian doctrine, because everybody is happy with other and everybody needs of others, in fact in Holy Bible is written: “Who mocks the poor offendes his God”  Zalivani takes examples of worker that do for other then poor needs of rich and contrary. Regard to laws he written that: “The law is outcome from universal will of people, and it want promote common good for everybody, and the laws must keep common security, the proprieties of everybody; forthemore the autority of law is kept for everybody citizen, and itisn’t privilege to somebody; so it is very revolutionary opinion, opinion that today is normal but at 1797 is was very original; but when a question if the law is has value, that answer is right, in fact he written that in a nation must be an authority that guarantees respect for law and it must punishes transgressor; but it is a concept likewise ancient, an authority that pushishes is very ancient. Then Zalivani took from Christian doctrine, in Holy Bibble “No kill an innocent and right man” Pagan areopagus, he is very next to ancient concepts and he foresees doctrine today, but these thinks are ancient and today at same time.

Alessandro Lusana

 

The past and present man is same

The read of a book of Martin van Buren(1782-1862) ex president of USA, eight precisely, the book is Inquiry into the origin and course of political parties, edited in New York in 1867, tells about human behaviour and the words that here are important are follow: “This feeling, when it exists in only moderate degree, is certain to be encouraged by the flatteries of friends, or more often by selfish men for the porpose of promoting their designs upon the patronage at the disposal of the incumbent”; I know perfecltly that somebody thinks that it is normal, yes in fact after 1867 years man is equal, is same. This judice is after the read of Laelius de amicizia of Marcus Tullius Cicerone, he wrote ita t 44 b.Ch.,  when after exile to Salonicco he wrote De amicizia, he tells about sentiment of friendly and he he mentions very much examples; but he complains that when you are necessary every men is friend, but when the danger is past you are useless and every friend leave you. But we must think that the episode that Buren has tool, I think that he has took from reality, but a common destiny join both Buren to example of Cicerone, because when Catilina, very danger for ancient Rome, died for capital condamn but without proofs, that Cicerone wanted, every senator was very next to Cicerone, but when Catilina was died then Cicero become useless because the danger passed, then Cicero become a danger for senator because he was very important and existimated, but during life and condamn of Catilina he was flattered, but after he was forgotten. It is normal, but similitude is for behaviour that Buren tells, to be encouraged by the flatteries of friends, or more often by selfish men for the porpose of promoting their designs, these words are clear and describe human character, when Catilina was dangerous every senator were next to Cicerone when Catilina was died every senator was longe from Cicerone, porpose was the death of Catilina, reacher this aim all was secondary, included Cicerone. We can consider that man is same during centuries, and then Cicerone and Buren have seen same examples but by men are distinguished among centuries.

Alessandro Lusana      

            

 

Athens school

A young student entered to a library, very great and provided of very much books that were among diverse matters, literature, history, philosophy and other. He has had lived in a school of philosophies, and he dreamed it always; then he asked to a employee where was philosophy, and librarian indicated direction; in fact between two racks he entered and he seen to back a guy, that called him and invited him to follow. Constantine it was name of student thought that he was an employee, and he followed him that turned among books, and sometime took one and he open it and read some line, then he stopped herself and during a stop, he called Constantine and indicated on a open book a line to ancient Greek language. This man had beard and a longe tunic, ended read he said: “Do you know this book?”, then Robert, lover of philosophy, answered: “Yes, it is Nicomachean etics” and old man asked: “Do you have read it?”, and Constantine answered: “Yes, I have read and I love it”, then old man looked eyes of Constantine and asked: “What says this book?”, and Constantine that in the meantime had riconized this old man, answered: “Do you asking to me what is matter of this book? You have written on 4th century before Ch., the you must say what says this book”, and old man, this is Aristoteles answered: “I have written it but you have read”, Constantine then was getting ready to answer, when a voice to back said: “This is different thing, read and write”, Constantine then turned immediately and he looked a man with average hightness and with white beard, and Constantine riconized Socrates and asked: “Why do you say it?” and Socrates: “When do you write read also?”, Constantine answered: “No certainly”, and Socrates: “Why?”, and Constantine answered: “Because if I read could not give attention to my to write, and concepts that I want say could not be claer”, and Socrates asked: “Who?”, and Constantine: “First to me” and Socrates asked: “Then, you must write and after read, or no?”, Constantine answered: “Certainly”, and Socrates said: “This is natural dinamic and this is actus and potens, or, according to opinion of Aristoteles it is?” he asked to Constantine: “Intention and thing”, and Socrates: “Yes, very well”, Constantine lower his head and when he raised it he looked his dress that was become a tunic and he cry scared and asked to a reader that has took a book: “Where is my dress?” and other voice, of Aristoteles, said: “It is useless, because they can’t hear you”, and he looked around and and asked: “Where are I?”, and Euclid approached to him and said: “Welcome Constantine, we has had waited you for much time, but now you are among us”, and Constantine very scared answered: “Thank you butwho is thet portrait in librray?”, and Epicurus that has heard question answered: “You are, and you must explain now to that student what you has written in your book, then come to library and after we are going discuss about atom and other”, then Constantine set in front of student, very angry and student raised eyes and looked Constantine and student asked: “You are gping explain what is this concept”, and Constantine explained it, and student got up and said: “I want a cola”, and Constantine said: “You know that cola is very strong for you”, and student: “I know perfeclty but cola is minimun for this book, because you have written very difficult concepts, and your wife, this is my mother, was right, you are difficult.

Alessandro Lusana   

                                                                 

  

 

Machiavelli and ideal and daily politic

The portrait of Niccolò Machiavelli, at last in Italy, is a man very sly, and a olitic man very prudent, it is very much true and we certainly can’t desprove this judice, because it is sufficient read of books of Machiavelli and we can consider that he has been very political man, whose methods, today, and I want stress today because it very easy to condemn, during modern times, that was normal during 16th century or afte ras before; we must consider that today happens same everything but with different methods, was is present, homicide is present, and other, because men are always men. Niccolò anyway has very important for explication about polical method in 16th century, but for important questions, is very difficult that we find Niccolò busy for istructions very daily, and we can read this everyday life from letters of Niccolò. Thisnature very daily of Niccoloò is evident  for some steps of some letter, for example: “You see a law acted from our city at august 1492, that want everybody is going to live in Pisa is for 20 years free from tax except for tax for roads and bridges and services…”, and other: “We think that is get out wear from your city, and we can’t hear this worry thing because the harvest this yesr is very poor and we not wnat that to people misses wear, then if somebody bring out of city of Pisa wear he will be fine with seize of animals”. Today this punishments are laughable, but at 1510 it were very serious; and we can read that Niccolò isn’t alone theorical political man but he is very pragmatic and he kown very well needs of people, and probably consequences that would come, then Niccolò was a political man that looked ideal and daily life very attentive.

Alessandro Lusana