The political publicity

The memories of a painter, as Francesco Hayez(1791–1882), a Venetian painter that was much famous in Italy has left to us The my memories, that is alone his biography, and some thing can solicit the attention, both for the his art but in this essay for a note that he has told, that shows the validity of same method for two political think, the step of Hayez can help us to understand: “Other impression that has impressed my wit, was in the Maj 1797, this the coming of the soldier of the French Republic, tired dirty and laied in the Saint Mark place. They were alone some thousand. I remember that the presence of those soldiers determined a joy and other were worried…so she wanted stopped in this place for to see the tree of liberty, in the half of place around it the people acclaimed…”; this step is important because shows the acclamation toward a symbol that we has brought the freedom; we think automatically it and we are justified, without a historical reflection that in this case is important or fundamental: the first in Venice never, and stress never, was a dictatorship, Venice was an freedom island that protected the immoral poetry as Pietro Aretino(1492-1556) and Paolo Sarpi(1552-1623), polemical religious that attacked the Church, I mention alone these two cases but Venice was a merchant city, hence very much pragmatic, and for this it was disinterested, in fact after this memory the following step shows the practical wit of Venice: “I remember the departure of French Republican and the arrive of Austrian soldiers”, it is because the Napoleon was given the Venice to Austria through the accord of Campoformio in year 1797; Napoleon was a conquering hence he have to think the first thing to the France, in fact he made it; but important is that the merchant wit of Venice is in this step because that the conquering were French or Austrian it was same thing, because the parochialism emerges from the following words: “I will made the memories of this period through the celebration made in Saint George island, for the election of cardinal Chiaramonti to the papal throne with name of pope Pius 7th(1800-1823); it is can seem a useless step because it is alone a pope, that hasn’t tie to the political publicity, instead it has certainly a tie to political publicity, because the step of Hayez says: “…the celebration made in Saint George island, for the election of cardinal Chiaramonti…”; the celebration are comprehensible because the celebration for the parochialism, Italian typical, we can also consider for the USA citizens for the election of pope Leon 14^th; the parochialism, independent from the believe, is a motive always life; but I want stress other question that here is more important; it is the celebration of a Venetian to papal throne, the comments are: “It is normal”, yes but the same city, this is Venice, had celebrated also the tree of liberty, that excluded the religion in conformity to the ideology of French Revolution; hence the practical wit of Venice has certainly solicited also the presence of citizens that has celebrated the tree of liberty, but I want alone repeat that the method is same for the religion or laicism, both use the same method, hence I think that the celebration could also to be a Satanic holiday the way is same. Important for this essay is the narration of a witness that certainly could see these celebration, but we must also consider that these narrations are also imagined from the Hayez, because during the year 1797, he was 6 year old, hence it is impossible that he in years 1869-1875, years of write of Memories he could remembered the celebration of 72 years before; hence he has asked to somebody about these celebrations or he has imagined all; anyway the method is same and it is important. 

Alessandro Lusana     

      

 

 

 

 

 

 

 Byron continues

When Jordan had seated and he stared the white fleet, a discouragement involved him, and he raised the eyes and he seen Byron in his room, that looked Jordan, that has said: “I don’t know what write”, and Byron: “Take from your memory, from your reads, from your books and so I am going to correct you”, and Jordan: “Yes, usual you are right, I have thought to the romance Gorky park”, and Byron: “Yes! It is an excellent example, go for it; but you must copy the Gorky park so that I can explain the my the my advisements”, and Jordan took the romance of Smith from his library and he begun the read out loud: “All nights should be so dark, all winters so warm, all headlights so dazzling”, and Jordan: “Until now aren’t errors”, but he stared the eyes of Byron and: “But certainly some error is, hence the humankind is waiting you sentence!”, and Byron after looked around: “Where is the kitchen?” and Jordan pointed at, and Byron got up and he came to kitchen and he gone back with a knife and he asked: “Do you have something for to eat”, and Jordan looked him amazing: “I have…” Byron shut off him and: “A bitch od meat, fro example”, Jordan looked his clock and now, yes but now is the 16 meridian, do you have hangry?”, and Byron: “Yes! Hangry of a writer that is useless”; and Jordan understood the jokey hence: “Why, what I have said so wrong?”, and Byron: “The first where we are now in the romance?”, and Jordan: “In Moscow, it is evident”, and Byron: “Why it is evident?”, and Jordan browsed until the first page: “it is written here”, and Byron: “And the following words in that page what say?”, and Jordan: “Nothing here is alone the name of Moscow”, and Byron: “If a reader not read the name of Moscow on the page that you have read, he doesn’t know where the context, because it could be New York, Rome or Peking, you know it because you have read the name or not?”, and Jordan: “Yes”, and Byron but a reader that hasn’t read this page, doesn’t it; hence the town where the romance carry out is necessary”, and Jordan: “Yes!”, and Byron: After?”, and Jordan: “In this town all the nights should be so dark…”, and Byron: “In every town the nights are dark, otherwise they would not be nights”, and Jordan: “All winters so warm…”, and Byron shut up him: “In Moscow never has been a warm winter”, and Jordan: “All headlights so dazzling.”; and Byron: “Learn! What are the headlights, and what is the source of these?”, Byron stared  Jordan and he was waiting the answer, and Jordan read again the line and: “It isn’t here”, and Byron: “The headlights of cars or other?”, and Jordan: “it isn’t here”, and Byron: “What environment? Apartment or a basin? A palace? A hut?”, and he stared Jordan that answered: “I don’t know because here…”, Byron shut up him: “Here isn’t. These are errors that you are not to make never. The reader must know where is the environment, this city, or nation or continent, second the illogic warm winter, it means that in this town is sirocco, the warm winter is the sirocco, but after he speaks and he said that van Jacked, stalled and quit on a drift; this drift is snow or leafs”, and Jordan: “It is important?” and Byron: “Certainly because with sirocco it’s impossible that snows, and further he in describe of militia man mentioned a greatcoats, hence the temperature is low, but the sirocco with low temperature is impossible. It is the lesson because to particulars that you have mentioned before are important for the reality of history and the logic of history. Inasmuch now I think that you have learned something, continue alone.”, and he got up and disappeared.

Alessandro Lusana  

                    

 A romance: Byron has said

Jordan was a writer, historical writer, and he wanted write a romance, but as historic man he had difficult, because he could tell the history but the romance was other matter, he has thought of write a romance on the Charles 5^th, and after the Charles the Great, and Louis 14^th, but he thought them as historical man, hence he have to pass from the historical truth to imaginary, and this passage was very difficult; he was very acute for the hypothesize the true motive for a war and the political motives for an accord or pact; naturally he supposed but these think or hypothesizes were very charming, because much read were charmed from his read of history; but now the romance, was different because everything he have to imagine; he thought immediately to a historical romance, and it seems the right choose, in fact he begun to write something, but almost at once he reconsidered his choose, and he decided, that before of all a tea, to drink in the bar under his apartment; he gone out and in the bar, where he was usual, he greeted the bar man, and he seated on the chair and he asked a tea; he stared at the bar man and he was amazed because he recognize Charles 5^th, and not George, the bar man, he thought that it was alone a illusion, hence he turned over and he seen some famous writer, Poe and Byron and Mary Shelley, Byron was reading a book; inasmuch Jordan approached to him and asked: “What is the deal for to write a romance?”, and Byron stared at him and : “A romance is as a build, every part is indispensable, it is a history and you must describe every personage, also summary, but some indication to reader you must give because otherwise the reader doesn’t understand, he is going to ask who is and why is present a personage, he is going to ask it alone indirectly , but the reader isn’t a foolish and he has read the history whereby he want know who and why; hence the question is “Who is this personage and because he has disappeared so suddenly, because you have given the life to this personage and now isn’t?”; because every personage that is in the romance, the first must be much present, this is to some episode, also low relevant but he must participate, so that the reader can understand the motive of this personage, and the episode, also irrelevant, becomes here important, but he can’t appear now and after two lines he disappears, because otherwise his presence would be useless, instead he must be in the romance, also in other episode distant form the begin; but the reader know him because he can take again, in his memory, that personage is tied to that episode”, and Jordan asked: “Yes, but the particulars are important or not?”, and Byron: “Certainly they are important, but as a build, the cement is important if it is going to use, otherwise not; the history demands particulars that must be important, otherwise they are alone useless episode, instead to this episode must be tie a personage and other episode that shows the qualities of personage, after the description, the human and other qualities”, and Jordan: “Why?”, and Byron, that meanwhile has asked two tea: “Because the romance needs of a motive, and the personages must have a motive for to be in the romance; otherwise they are useless, and in the romance nothing can ne useless”; Jordan got up and he gone to the bathroom, and when he gone out, he looked around and recognized his apartment, and he smiled and seated on the chair, and he, while remembered the words of Byron, begun to write and the romance again isn’t ended, but may in the next tale its possible that he tell to us the novel plot.

Alessandro Lusana          

                

 The Hegelian concept of art: Emerson

Ralph Emerson(1803-1882) has took again Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900)fore his conception of morality that was determined from a morality that has involved also Nietzsche in his German society, the years of Belle Epoque, when the middle class was very principal factor of economy in Europe, and in nascent country, after the “revolution”, as the United States the same phenomenal was by now normal and determined; hence the two philosophers have had same reaction, Emerson was more precise in confront to Nietzsche because he explain, in his book The character and the human life, explication more precise and very much attentive, evidently he used the speculative method and he has not officially imposed, but in conformity to moral customs it was present; we must also consider that the reaction was the same because the middle class, very active in the merchant and business also in USA, has followed determined customs that were peer to the middle class of Europe, but behind this hypocrites moralism and respectability, was the growth of a country that hasn’t the owner models hence followed other models, as Emerson has followed both Nietzsche and for his think about the art has followed Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831) of Aesthetic, a step of the book of Emerson is indicative of this concept: “The with being progressive it never repeats itself, but to every act it tries the creation of a all new or beauty. It is manifest both for the works of beauty art, and in the useful art, for to use the popular distinction among the arts, that classified it on base to sake. In the beautiful art isn’t the imitation but the creation that is the sake”; it is the absolute wit of Hegel that in the Aesthetic is dominant, Hegel was also involved from the idealist wit and Emerson has followed the same conception, because he has expressed through other words the same concept; for Hegel the useful of art isn’t, instead for Emerson that has took the common scansion among the arts, this is useful and beauty, he has took Hegel and he has limited the presence of German philosopher to the beauty arts, and he continued with his hide Hegelianism: “In the landscape the painter must suggest to us the idea of a creation more beauty…”; it is the pure idealism of Hegel that in the Romantic art, this is the painter of 19^th century, he says that the image is the tool for the absolute spirit, this the knowledge of absolute spirit, that alone in the Romantic art can recognizes itself; inasmuch of Emerson is: “in the landscape the painter must suggest to us the creation more beauty…”; it is the Hegelian idealism in the Aesthetic, the spirit that can recognizes itself in the Romantic art; we must also consider that although the two philosophers not were contemporary but they lived the same romantic moment and they has took the same spirit, this is the opinion, the in 19^th century was dominant; thereby Emerson has followed the German culture, for a side he has took Nietzsche and for other side he has took Hegel.

Alessandro Lusana                

 

        

 

Historical superficiality: Burckhardt

Jacob Burckhardt (1818-1897) a Swiss historical man, famous for his book The civility of Renaissance in Italy, has given an interpretation of Renaissance in Italy, that very much generations have read much times, and it is certainly right, but also superficial; the first is that he spoke  and named the lords of city as tyrant, that in Greek meaning is a correspondent of manager of public things, hence the city or feud; I don’t think that Burckhardt has used this name for this sense, he wanted meant the more common meaning, so that he could stress the Renaissance change. The “tyrant” have to contrast the attacks from every side, because then Italian cities that have had fought sometime one against other, they become friends very soon and allies in conformity of political strategy, both then as today; in fact the taxes that Burckhardt  has written, were necessary to weapon and soldiers, that could betray to every moment  for a better offer; the shame of betray then there wasn’t; also because the major part of soldiers were mercenary ; inasmuch it isn’t tyranny but simple survival. The taxes were, in opinion of Burckhardt  established on the a land register, that in Middle age there wasn’t , and the major incomes was for the proprieties of lords, that were necessary to given the food to citizens that were in war, but in the city, the families of soldiers busied have to be feed, this are childes and women, that the lords have to rescue to his castle, hence the food was necessary to this duty that was alone of lord; there the taxes not paid alone the soldiers but also the common people. Other note of Burckhardt regard the office of passport, this is the pass, that today is same, this is the passport is controlled , but the difference from the Middle age today the nations are united, instead the Italy then was a gather of small states without strong; Burckhardt uses this confront for stress that then the control on the citizen was very close, but also today every state want know who is received, and the motive is same : the security of the State; it is normal management of policy. The legends are took by Burckhardt , the legendries that he has took from historical men, and they has took it from other sources that often were enemy to lords; as Bernabò Visconti(1323-1385); that was a lover of hunting and he has had  5.000 dogs, it is absolutely false, because 5.000 dogs would be impossible to keep and they would been useless, because the hunting would be in Italy and not in Africa. The celebration of Renaissance begins in chapter about the tyranny in 15th century; when the tyranny has had a human  character; a power that has consolidated on the tyranny it continues so fro keep the power; but if Burckhardt has said the celebration of Renaissance so would be failed everything.

Alessandro Lusana      

 

         

 Aristotelian Catholic: Gioberti

Vincenzo Gioberti(1801-1852)a Catholic intellectual and political man that has tied his name to the principal literary work, The moral and civil primate of Italian, that is a catalog of virtue that he has seen during the history of Italy, that certainly were but that haven’t guaranteed nothing to unification of Italy, in 1861. He spoke as Catholic and in fact he sees to God the principal motive of this primate; We must also consider that he was a monk, and he has followed the religious schools, hence the philosophy in his Primate can’t lacks; in fact he spoke about the autonomy of creatures: “Although the creatures can joy of relative autonomy, as the second cause is image of the first cause…”; and he following: “Everything id a strength, and every force enclose potentially every way of to be and every perfecting that to it are going to be present, through the duration of time, and the external condition for their improvement. The potency is given from the first cause and that has created…”; this discourse has the Aristotelian rationality, and Gioberti used this comparison for stress that God has given to Italian qualities that during the centuries have developed; certainly, and it isn’t nationalism, the Italy has had great geniuses during his history, but because the Italy is born before, except the Greek, of other European nations, inasmuch we has had very much time, and other historical factors, as the Catholic center, as Rome, that has guaranteed to much intellectuals a constant possibility of live; beyond the lords that has got profit of intellectuals in every side of Italy. Anyway it is I repeat a logic step of Aristotle(b.Ch.384-322) , that has useful for demonstrate the Primate of Italian, laughable Primate, because the our history is very full also of treason, that Gioberti hasn’t considered; it is the opportunism or intellectual dishonesty? For me dishonesty and stop, for a historical man can be alone opportunism. The Aristotelian influence is fro the adjective that Gioberti used in this step and for other before: “…and as the first cause are also the second cause and so we must admit a secondary creation that express the action of factors finished…”; this last adjective is took directly from the τέλειος, this the ended act of Aristotle. The Aristotelian logic is present also in this step, and this step attests the employ of Gioberti of natural logic of Aristotle: “…because the production without the conservation would be useless. And the conservation uses the restoration, when it is necessary; that is a second creation, as the conservative action is a continued creation…”; it is the philosophical think that has unified the Aristotelian and Socratic logic and has used for explication. The Catholic nature or think of Gioberti is in the following step: “Only God, as the first cause and essentially creator, he is the perfect conservator and restorer of his factures. He has given a part of this qualities to the creatures…”. Hence Gioberti has took from Aristotelian and Socratic logic, and he hasn’t forgotten Saint Thomas from Acquino(1225-1274), although the logic is alone Pagan, this from two Socrates(b.Ch.469-399) and Aristotle.

Alessandro Lusana 

 

 

 

          

 

 

 Other Socrates but same way

The other Socrates is a philosopher with same name of more famous philosopher, may the first master of Aristotle, he is inserted from Plato(b.Ch.427-347) in dialogue of Sophist, it is the dialogue that encloses this other Socrates that certainly Plato has used for the name, since Plato has inserted in every his dialogue his master, Socrates(b.Ch.469-399); and Socrates gives to a member of dialogue a question, this member is a foreign, Socrates asked regard to way for to search the knowledge: “When do you explain  that you want demonstrate, are you usual speak you alone…or do you prefer give the precise question?”, and the foreign answers: “If is an interlocutor that is able of follow the dialogue is better, it is certain; but the contrary case I speak alone”; it is the philosophical habit of Socrates, that the foreign continues: “Dear Socrates it is the first time that I meet you and I don’t want leave occasion for a close confront, word to word…”; it is the method of Socrates that Plato, a his pupil, has known very well; in fact in this dialogue the foreign says to Theaetetus, a member of dialogue regard to method  necessary to inquiry the greater things is necessary begin from the small things, he asks to Theaetetus: “Do you want that we search an easy argument…and equally it needs of a right think, we consider the fisherman with fisher line…”; it is the Socratic simplicity, that from very easy matter he came to complicate matter; it is the diaretic way; it is a method that certainly Socrates has used, what is? Simple a subdivision of a elementary concept, that is divided  among the species his gender, this is the division of common gender, for example the humanity, that we find also in women, because also they are human gender; hence the human gender is divided between two species, and the relation between these two gender are evident; if we think the human nature that is common twice, men and women. The dialogue through the diaretical method follows his course, and Socrates uses the logic think, and he divided the fisherman from the other hunter, this is the Sophistic hunter, this is the hunter of men, it is the difference from the fisherman and the sophistic philosopher, that hunts the domestic animals this is the men; it is one reflex of the despise of Socrates to the Sophistic school, that in Apologize, this is the discourse of Socrates in court fro his defense, he hinted to philosophers that are paid  fro to sale the knowledge , this is the sophistic, in fact the foreign says that the technique of persuasion that was the way used form the Sophistic school. This dialogue is, in short,  the following  of Socrates’s accuse to Sophistic school. And the confirm of this thesis is in following words: “These is also the other side, that making profession of a determined competence it stablishes rapports that are for the teaching of virtue , but alone for to gain money. Also this side we must distinguish through a name.”, and Theaetetus answer: “Yes certain”, and the Foreign. “What name? you say it”, and the Theaetetus: “it is clear. I think that we are managed to find the sophist, and I am saying so I think that I name tit through the fit name.”; hence the polemical matter is right.    

 Alessandro Lusana    

                                     American Nietzsche: Emerson

Ralph Emerson(1803-1882)certainly isn’t a reference for the night reading, because is low known and his think, above all today, can be very noise, because he as Nietzsche(1844-1900), he says the truth, he describes the our behaviors and he shows our hypocrisies, and he opposed to this hypocrisy the truth of speculation, speculative examination of our conduct, he says: “Instead, I don’t desire expire but to life. The my life isn’t an apologize; it is my life. I live for myself, and no for to give the show of my existence, I prefer that it is a tenor more modest so that it is homogeneous and natural. I would it sorrowful and sweet, of dolor and joy of wealth low curing; for it would be equilibrated, and everything enclosed: charity, conquer, hygiene…”; it is the new vision of the life that evidently Emerson have to live, the imposition of rules of society that he refused. The explication to these words is in the following step: “The virtue in the popular opinion  are the exception rather than the rule…The men make the good actions for to give a proof of their courage and their charity; and it is often, as they were condemned to pay a penitence, for to expire the not daily appearance to some function…”; it is the description of hypocrisy in the society that today is valid; but it is also the concept that Nietzsche has expressed; he in the his book, So said Zarathustra, he has explained, although through the allusions the concept of superman, this is the man that is came out from the common hypocrisy and has said the truth. Other step is very indicative: “The my duty and not the common opinion of men: it is regard me…”; it is the truth that Emerson has said about the society that he has lived. The proof of this think and opinion is in the following step: “To be conform to customs that for you there aren’t, it is the motive for the dispersion of your force; you waste so your time and delete you character…”, he describes the customs that in his society were normal, and: “The man should know how the uselessness this play of conformity”. The pitiless description continues: “After this servile conformity, other motive that remove us from the faith to ourselves  ids the persistence , it is the respect for our actions and for the past our words: other men haven’t other motive, beyond the our actions, we would go desolate and disabused. But why do you bring on the shoulders a head again thinking? And why do you bring this heap of your memory, for the fair of contradict some opinion that you have said in this or other town?”; we can consider that it isn’t virtue but alone coherence, but that Emerson sees alone as a custom of his society, where the morality and the image were everything. Regard not understanding, he says: “It is so very bad not be understanding? Pythagoras not was understanding, neither Socrates, neither Jesus, neither Luther…”; may this reference to so great personages we can think that Emerson wanted refer also to herself, because this think about the morality was very strange for the 19^th century; hence an auto reference is certainly.

Alessandro Lusana  

 The speculative Emerson

The Character and the human life of Ralph Emerson(1803-1882) is a speculative examination of the human life and description of behaviour that we have, fro example: “The indifference of childs, that, sure of launch, resufe as the king say of make something for the consens of somebody; this is the healty attitude of human nature. The child is the patron of society; indipendent, irresponsable, he looks about him the men and mades of society, he judges them…he calls them good, wicked, interesting, loquace, useless, nuisance…”; it is the description of childhood that veverybody has past. Other description regard the humankind is the following: “The man is prisoner of his conscience that he has of herself. If he has made or spooken cloud, he is a compromissed person, supervised from the sympathy and for hate of a thousand of persons that he hasn’t considered. There isn’t Letes fro him!”; the Letes is the river of forgetfulness, and it is the speculative way that decsribes the habit of high society but also of down society; he certainly describes the society the he can see, the American society, that was equal to every high societies. But Emerson was contemporary of Jean Jacques Rousseau(1712-1778), that evidently has influenced Emerson, and it is shows from this step: “(human gender)if it again take tha primary indipendence, in the its neutrality! The man that so have lost the ancient calm, and he continues to behave without finctions, without prejudges, without the fair, incorruptible…”; it is the theory of good wild od Rousseau, the has seen to the wild the human genuinity. But after Rousseau also Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) manifests his presence in this essay, the following step is the retake of think of german philosopher: “These are the voices that we hear in the solitude, but they become very weak when we enter to the word. Everywhere the society plots agaionst the virility of everybody. The society is as company of assicuration, whose members agree amongs them so that they have food, but through the cession of owner liberty. The virtus that it requests id conformity…”; it is Nietzsche, certainly that has taught and worked in Germany but the influence has come to Emerson, also because they were almost contemporary; and continuing: “(the society) doesn’t loves the realities and the creators, but alone the usances and the customs.”, and other step: “Who want be a man, he don’t be conformist. Who want conquer the immortal palm he not enables from the name of good, but search where the good is”; it is the Nietzsche, that with superman has thought to a man that is superior to convention, but Nietzsche has took example from Europen society, during his time; same reaction that Emerson has had but in American society.

Alessandro Lusana

 

 

   

 

  

 

     

     

 

 

 The name of author

John was a writer of theatre that have to write a script for a comedy, he has written also tragedies and he has had also success, but now he lacks of ideas or inspiration; he was in his home and he was searching something that was fit for a comedy, it was the usual creative crisis, he was seated on the table, and suddenly he got up and decided of go out, he dressed his jacket and gone out; he entered to a theatre , where were the personages of his comedies and tragedies, he seated on the chair and heard the dialogues of his personages, until one spoken  to him and he presented to John as Jordan.

Jordan: Do you  remember of me?

John: Certainly you are Alfred

Jordan: No! I am Jordan of tragedy Modern Hamlet

John: But in that tragedy isn’t somebody that has name Jordan

Jordan: In fact I am in other comedy

John: The Modern Hamlet was a tragedy, not a comedy. It is may  that the author of this script that somebody has reading now may remember this comedy, but certainly I no.

Jordan: Hamlet, What the name of author of this script?

Hamlet: Alexander, I think, but I am not sure about it, you should  aske it to  Bartholomew , he remember everything, also the clues of this comedy

Jordan(cloud): Bartholomew, where is he?

Bartholomew (from a side of scene): There I am here what is so important? That you call me through this way? If you want rob me you can’t because I haven’t money, but if you want…

Jordan(looking him) Silence , because you are the pain on the neck

Bartholomew: You must say to him, this is John, because he is the author of my comedy or tragedy, I don’t remember, John where am I?

John: In the tragedy Modern Hamlet and in the First Catilinaria

Bartholomew: Yes now I remember there  I was Cicero, and when I begun “Quo usque tandem abutere, Catilina, patient nostra. I has been very realistic.

Jordan: What the name of this script?

Bartholomew: I don’t remember! You can ask to Elisabeth.

Jordan: Elisabeth do you remember the name of author…?

Elisabeth: (blocking him) Albert or Alfred or…Andrew.

Jordan(open a door and askes to the author): What is your name?

Author: I don’t know, you must decide it, thank you. 

Alessandro Lusana  

 Γνωθι σαυτόν trough others

The Socratic words this is the know yourself, is a motto that Socrates(b.Ch.469-399) has took from the temple of Apollo in Delphi, and he has been the first in history of philosophy, that used this advise for a knowledge of owner wit, because  you can educate yourself and know yourself that the first person that you must know, this is yourself because the first and closer person is youself that not know but the importance of Socrates is, above all, in the way that he has used this is the confront, that he has made directly to his “pupils” trough the questions that he given to everybody, because the sake was it, the knowledge of themselves, for this the questions were alone so logic, because the contradiction was the solicitation to auto knowledge, why it is important? Simple because the confront to others is fundamental to know  other and above all herself, because has Socrates the questions are necessary to know owner limit and to get over it for  to grow, it is the growth, but trough the confront is the experience for to know ourselves, why?  Because  our limit we not know, but trough the experience, h3ence the practical and external exercise, is the motive for to know until we can make something that seems difficult; we can try of overcome this difficult and solve the problems, thence we can know ourselves trough the difficult and the method that we are using that can be difficult, and in those occasions that we can know ourselves, because we can know the our reactions in front of difficult, hence we study our soul and our limits but, as Socrates, we must consider the single case that has thought to us something around our wit, and above all if we want overcome these difficult, that is the moment when we can know ourselves and above all the difficult that we must face and solve, in this occasion we can consider our interior strong and our will; thence in this moment we are studying ourselves, although unconsciously, in fact the reflection about the our reactions is always after, reflections about our courage, our intelligence and our capacity to face the difficult, hence also the capacity of our wit for to face the difficult; whereby the object of our study is ourselves, and these are the moments when we know ourselves, directly and practically, because the circumstance is real not alone theoretical and we can know also the reaction of our wit above all, thereupon the reactions that can be fair or courage. Hence Socrates has had right, and he has used other experience, that was dialogue, instead the true knowledge of ourselves occurs alone to direct experience.

Alessandro Lusana    

 

 Environment on the literature: Boccaccio

Giovanni Boccaccio(1313-1375), author of Decameron has took from the common people and other social classes in the Florence of 14^th century; in short the Decameron is a portrait of Florentine society in 14^th century; Boccaccio has took true personages, that after he has  tied to framework, but he has took the human typology or personages really existed ; the first that we can consider is the novella of Calandrino, who was he? He was a modest painter whose the name  Giovannozzo of Pierino that in this novella with others two painters, Bruno di Giovanni and Bonamico Cristofani, called Buffalmacco, truly existed, the first clue that shows the inspiration from the reality of Boccaccio, but he has took also the wit of Florence, both the liking and the joke that in Florence was present, but the wit  of then is in the following words: “Was then in Florence a young very charming and fro everything he was very cunning, called Maso del Saggio, that heard  about ingenuity of Calandrino, he proposed of amuse oneself trough some joke; this wit is typical of Florence and the cue during the meeting and everywhere is typical, hence Boccaccio have to invent very short for these novellas; also because some datum we can read on the Vasari, in the his book The life of painters, sculptors and architects where Vasari about Calandrino says: “Buonamico di Cristofano, called Buffalmacco, Florentine painter, that was pupil of Andrea Tafi and he was also burlesque, celebrated from mister Giovanni Boccaccio…”; it can be believed from the readers as the reality, but Vasari remembered one alone painting work, because in the life of Buffalmacco isn’t others, and he has said to beginning of life of Buffalmacco that his painting are in much town of Tuscany, but he told alone one painting cycle, that was deleted already during the 16^th century; hence this painter has been fitted on the guilt of doctors in year 1320, but other there isn’t, why? Because this painter lived certainly in Florence, but he not has been famous, but Boccaccio has took this character that about him, he has known in Florence; furthermore a Bruno of Jolin is mentioned in a contract in year 1301, and the other information hat Vasari has took as Boccaccio from the common knowledge but that are, regard to art, very untrustworthy ; anyway  the way that Boccaccio has followed was followed also from Vasari; hence the environment of Florentine city was an archive. A literary critic Mario Baratto has said about the Decameron: “…the historic nature of Decameron, regard to social condition of the Florentine people in the century 1300…”, he has described the people and his wit during the 14^th century.

Alessandro Lusana           

 

 The pagan wit in the Christian fields

A historical man, Carlo Ginzburg(1939-2026) has found much documents around a use very anomalous in a Italian region, Veneto, precisely around the city of Cividale, where in some far villages were uses very strange for the Christian religion, he has took the testimonies of some member of these company, called the Benandanti, this is the well walking, that were considered witchcrafts, and a father for the to save his son, because he thought has the possessed from the evil, he has searched Paul Gasparutto, because he has the fame that he follows these witchcraft, and he has fame of to be a Well walking; but the note  of principal oddness is that these rites, also violent, occurred during the night, beyond the usual tell about the dragon wings necessary to come to meeting. Some rite is described from a witness, regard a question given to a citizen: “Are you of those witchcraft?, And he said that he was a wellwalking, and every Thursday he came to a wood and there they danced, eat and drink, and when go back the wickedwalk they come to basin  drink and urine in the barrel and the wine is poured…and similar things that I don’t believe”; we tie it to framework that is agriculture, hence the protagonist are rural that confesses that they are wellwalking; inasmuch the heresy was very limited and short. Important difference from these meeting and the witchcraft meeting is the absence, as the Ginzburg has stressed, of evil, that isn’t neither mentioned, but the description of these meeting Ginzburg described: “The dark rite, witchcraft men and women that fight among them with sorgum plants and Wellwalking have fennel plant, and the antiquity or origin of this rite is attested from the valor of fennel, why? Simple because in ancient time the fennel was considered a holy plant, drugs and fortifying, and after the Marathon battle, in year 490 b.Ch., the Greek used this plant as symbol of victory; in the Christin context the beneficent effects of this plant could guarantee and rich harvest. Ginzburg describes the Wellwalking: “The Wellwalking said that they are contrapposto to witchcraft both men and woman, that they cured the victims of wicked actions of these, and they say also that they meet them in mysterious night meeting, but they can’t tell it because they are going to beat, they ride cats, hares and other animals”; it is alone a fantasy of a member of these Wellwalking, that evidently thought to be save because he said that he contrasts the witchcraft, but the condemn, if it has been, and I don’t think, because the inquisitors were culture men and intelligent, would be for their Pagan meaning; because the fight between Wellwalking and Wickedwolking, was the heritage that in ancient people was for defense of owner fields, hence owner harvest, and the meeting in the wood and the dance, drink and eat, was the celebration after a victory, that was consequently; thence these rites are is heritage from ancient customs, that then were vital, as the defense of land, but during the 16^th century was suspect, although alone partially, because I think that the inquisitor have laughed for these meeting.

Alessandro Lusana               

 

 

 Portrait of a weak: Casanova

We have herd at last one time the name of James Casanova(1725-1798) more know a lovers than other, but he has been also a writer, that written also The my life; in the first page is underlining of his catholic faithful, it is the exit of a fair of the lovers that has had a son in Venice, Lorenz,  but that has betrayed his wife alone trough the wit, because in his life never we can read about  betrayal, anyway he says: “The desperation kills; the prayer dissolves it; and after the man retake the trust and he works. The inquiry about the way that supreme being uses for to remove the imminent disgrace that has asked his aid, it is up the human intellect…”it and other lines are alone a exaltation  of God; the age advanced,  and it is fair of a old, because he written this autobiography in age of 65 old age, and the average  life during the 18^th century was among 60 and 70 years old; hence this faithful of Casanova was alone the fair; and the proof of this think is in this step: “Although the man is free he doesn’t think that he can make everything. When he is convinced to make  from a passion he becomes a slave”; it is a reproach that he given to herself  because he has loved alone trough the sentiment much women, because during the 18^th century the custom aren’t so free as today. Other step is other reproach to herself because he  writers: “The sage man is who that has the interior strong of to hold his actions until the calm…”; it is other quality that he certainly hasn’t had , as we can understand it ?Simple because he describes this type of being, and usually who speaks about some human type has envy or admiration, this case is admiration, hence Casanova shows  his weakness typical of his century, and this weakness  is reaffirmed  in these words: “…the unique method that I have used is to leave me bring where the wind has brought me”; it is the confession of a weak that followed everything without conviction, as was the his century, and the confession, now autobiographical is now: “… I has been victim of my senses…”; it likes  me always degenerate and I have lived continuously  in the error…”; it is the pure confession of a old that  very weak confesses his weakness trough these words. Regard the women the confession is very clear: “Regard the women, it has treated of reciprocal deception to not consider…”; it is a portrait of a weak man certainly, but it is also a portrait of a century that lived on the superficiality, and the French Revolution has proofed it; a century of image and safeguard of his image, that after, for the Revolution, has lost totally, because the life was other; Casanova has deceived oneself that this customs were again present, but the confessions that he has said, and that we have read are sign that he has lost every hope that his century was again that he has lived; he finally has given end to a century, of better his century. Other clue of weakness of Casanova is the following: “On the my choose of give  my life to the public that I don’t know? No. I know that I am making a folly…”; it is the evident sign that Casanova was again tied to the customs that by now were alone a memory, the morality was changed, and the century is changing; but this read  is interesting, although becomes very boring, because it given a portrait of Casanova but above all of his 18^th century.

Alessandro Lusana   

 Medieval heritage: Ulisse Aldovrandi

Ulisse Aldovrandi(1522-1605) certainly is unknown both in Italy and to abroad, he has been a doctor and naturalist man, hence a scientist; we can consider him so, but not certainly trough the rationality  that we can ascertain to scientist men and women, and this judge has determined from his book Monstrorum historya, the history of monsters; a collection of medieval fantasies, that today are laughable  but then, year 1642, were worth trust from the readers; anyway this book is a catalog of engravers of Cristoforo Coriolano(1540-?) that have followed the description of Aldovrandi, that in this book has used the Medieval sources, and it is certified from the fantasy  that he used from the authors, in this book he has also took from the ancient authors, naturally others fantasies, as Plinius(a.Ch.20-73) and his Naturalis historya, anyway Plinius tells around the black men that have the inferior lip until the thorax and these peoples are high and very black; we must consider that then the blacks were very anomalous; anyway other authors is van Wesel(1514-1564) a medical man that, in conformity to that custom has described, as Aldovrandi mentioned it,  some anatomic particular as the huge ears that from the head until the legs, some resident in Ethiopia, that have four eyes; the fantasy of Aldovrandi and others authors before to him is very conspicuous , because other step says the in island of Taprobana, the name of ancient for the actual Sri Lanka these are men that have alone eyes in head; and some other Roman author as Filvius Torquatus consul, that tells that he has seen the men that have  one eyes ; but Aoldovrandi didn’t exclude the neck, because the Tartarian people has very long neck, but also the tail is considered, because saint peter has seen men with long tails; but among much fantasies something of true can occur; this is the men that have the hirsutism, this the downy on the face, that in engravers of Coriolano are very exaggerated , that Aldovrandi calls: “Homines silvestres”, this the wild men; but Aldovrandi isn’t ce4rtainly impolite, because he mentioned  a name of woman that has hirsutism in his city this is Bologna, Italy, he says: “In this city the downy  in Bologna and it is  a race, and he has married very noble Sorani marquise…”, naturally in this step is the formal respect of nobility of man, and he didn’t leave also the hirsutism of teen , because a description  of teen  is motive for curiosity. Finally this book is alone a catalog of strange descriptions that have took from Medieval and ancient sources, that Aldovrandi has considered very reliable, naturally we must consider that the science  was developed from some side instead others was again merely medieval.

Alessandro Lusana     

 Pictorial letters: van Gogh

The portrait the human being that we can’t know now, as Vincent van Gogh(1853-1907) a painter very famous, that has found his  vocation for the painting after together works, as the merchant, preacher and other, but we can know him trough the letters, we can know his wit, that was very complex; the first of these clues is a letter to his brother, Theo, that has endowed Vincent in his country, Dutch and board, in France, when he in year 1880 by now lover of painting, he discovered the sun in years 1886; anyway in this letter he says: “Dear Theo, you are almost extraneous…”it is a sign of psychotic withdrawal ; and this opinion is held from a step of this letter: “For this I am convinced that is very better and more logic to take is to go away as I not exist”; This detachment is motive  for confirm my opinion, because also in a room is possible paint and with other persons, and the following of this letter we can understand the will, is a need of family that shows also an weakness  of character, very important, and this confession is very meaningful: “I am an instinctive  man that makes things more or less rational, and after I repent”;  it is the instinct that he has described summery after.. But Vincent expressed also the will of new because he confesses that he wanted read, almost vital  need, and for the painting: “When I was in other environment  of artistic things, you know that I have took for that environment  a passion, that became enthusiasm...”; the necessity of novelty is clear in this step: “But what is your sake? You would say; it is clear very slow and certainly, as a sketch and the sketch become a painting, gradually, we work intensely, gradually, the first idea is in depth…”; it is the need of novelty , because during the creative process, the new evolution comes always. But some from same letter  emerges also a capacity of Vincent of psychological analysis: “Now one motive for I am an inadequate for motive that  I am during years inadequate, it is simply because I have different ideas of those of lords that give the labor to the guys that think has them. It isn’t simply of cloth…”; the capacity of Vincent of analyze herself  and also other ids evident. The Dutch wit of merchant is in this step: “After is other type of idler, idler compelled, that is consumed  from deeply from a great desire of action and that makes not something, because can’t make it…as a bird in the cage that must be there, other birds can say about him that he is idler, but he would go out”. This letter is a document of personal wit that confesses also the very unknown, and certainly trough the painting we can’t know.

Alessandro Lusana    

 

 Ancient name but the new history: Louis 18^th

The reign of Louis 18^th, king of France(1755-1824) is the continuation of return to order of Napoleon, except the return to Napoleon on the France , in year 1815, a short time  called of hundred days; anyway excluded this short Napoleonic presence, Louis 18^th has continued the Napoleonic policy, of reign of Napoleon, not declared but effective ; it is a lesson of history that Louis 18^th has understood  , because a read  to the constitution  of Louis 18^th is very explicative of this concept; he has balanced the regal power to the Napoleonic, or revolutionary rights: in fact the new constitution, regard to privileges “…are deleted regard to social class”; it is  the first clue of the change of policy, because  the Revolution burst for these class privileges, hence Louis 18^th has learned that  it is motive for  the radical and revolutionary change; inasmuch the first cause must be abolished; the freedom of cults, by now the Revolution has past, hence the Napoleonic freedom must remain, although Napoleon has had the strong control on the bishops, but the catholic cult was recognized of major religion in France, that in the constitution of 1814 became the religion of French State; but the freedom of other cults were tolerated; the change of Napoleon; the change from Napoleon to Louis 18^th, regard the policy were very short; in fact the religious policy was took from the Napoleonic code, in the constitution of Louis 18^th we can find the same concept expressed from the code, above all the national goods, that the State can expropriate but alone for the public use; the same article that the Napoleonic code has used; and regard to expropriation of Revolution, that in 2th November 1789, the national assembly had declared that the goods of the Church are expropriated because the public balance was very serious; hence the same concept that both Napoleon  and Louis 18^th have expressed, the good can be expropriated  for the national motive and in conformity of Napoleon has inserted  in his code and after the fixed to Pious 7^th  pope. It is  a historical lesson that Louis 18^th  has learned very good, because he has  also kept the National assembly , but limited fro the election, from the richness; in short he has took from ancient regime and he has used the new wit of Napoleon, and naturally of Revolution, that he has limited, as Napoleon, for its extremism. Thence we can think Louis 18^th as the more monarchic of Napoleonic. Explicative are some words of Louis 18^th : “…neither the new, nor ancient of laws that is going to be merit and the their true useful. When I have reduce everything to public useful, and I haven’t spook about the justice to everybody, and it is alone is the true public good…”; it is certainly aren’t alone beautiful words, but a concept, that during the reign of his brother, this is Louis 16^th aren’t, because the unique interest were of aristocracy and clergy, hereby the time and moral were changed, the history has been a irreplaceable master. And also the following words are meaningful: “…the freedom, this words whose very much has abused everybody is enclosed, and for its exception, it isn’t less important for the king than for the citizen”. Certainly the Revolution has learned very much.

. Alessandro Lusana