Original lesson: Socrates

In central place of Athens a man dirty and with long beard gone around, and a guy called him: “Socrates, Socrates, do you are going?”, and he answered, after some moment that he stopped him to look a sculpture, he anyway answered: “I am here, and I am looking this sculpture of Phidias, and it is very beautiful”, and the guy, whose name was Xenophon, called again him: “Socrates come here”, and Socrates gone to him, and he seen that the persons were much, gathered, and was astonished, and he asked: “Why how much persons, Xenophon?”, and he answered: “Because we want give to you some question”, and Socrates smiled and asked: “do you want ask me something’”, and a guy: “Yes! We want know why you have written nothing?”, and Socrates. “Because every philosopher has written something, but I could not nothing to teach, hence I haven’t written”, and other hearer: “You could teach something!”, and Socrates, seen to earth and he asked: “What?”, and the hearer: “I don’t know”, and Socrates: “I neither, but you are here and you can say to us something, that we can teach”, and the hearer: “I don’t know it, therefore I can’t  say it”, and Socrates: “Do you have some matter, argument, idea or…”, and hearer interfered: “No Socrates I haven’t it, I and we are waiting that you give it to us”, and Socrates: “What do you think around  that you haven’t matters or arguments?” and the hearer: “I think that I am again young to have some argument, I haven’t studied enough”, and Socrates: “Who said it? Who has judged it? How much we must study to speak around something?”, and hearer: “I don’t know”, and Socrates: “You can ask to yourself, and after you can believe it, this is to your thesis, but you must believe to it always”, and the hearer: “Can I change opinion?”, and Socrates: “Certainly, you must change ideas, but you must decide it no other that you have attended, do you have attended?” and the hearer: “Gorgias the sophist”, and Socrates: “His think is simple: you pay and I teach nothing”, and hearer: “He has taught the rhetorical science”, and Socrates: “Very good, and?”, and hearer: “Nothing alone the rhetoric”, and Socrates: “Hence you haven’t matters or arguments because Gorgias hasn’t given it”, and the hearer: “Yes, for this I am here, because I want that you to me something”, and Socrates: “Yourself”, and hearer: “What?”, and Socrates: “Yourself”, and hearer gazed around and other and asked: “I didn’t understand it”, and Socrates: “On doors of Apollos temple is written: γνϖθι σεαυτόν, that it is an advisement to whom want make sacrifice”, and the hearer: “What is mean?”, and Socrates: “It is if you want make sacrifice to Apollos or other gods”, and hearer: “But why do you uses this motto?”, and Socrates: “Because I want compel you, now, to search a truth that it is your truth and no of others, your truth”, and hearer: “But I must read and after I am going to have a ideas”, and Socrates: “It is the begin of a think, hence you can read much and after you can tell to us your think”, and hearer: “Think that you will denied!”, and Socrates: “No, the logic is going to deny it”, and hearer: “The logic?”, and Socrates: “Yes the logic, I am alone the bringer of logic, and I give questions, but I am not a master but alone the bringer of logic”, and the hearer: “You are hence the represent of logic”, and Socrates: “No I am a represent of ignorance that searched of know, and you are going to teach me something”.

Alessandro Lusana            

                                                                   

 

 

Third way

Third was a student of art history in prestigious university, he was a clever student, very much student and for his experience he has had given very attributions, discussed conference and written books; a perfect student that has employed in same university that has given to him the master; he was again an assistant, but his professor that was always engaged among conferences, lesson, books and other, often given to him the possibility of give the lessons, also because the professor after asked to students what was the quality, and the student were very satisfied; during a lesson he explained a painting of Annabelle Carracci, this is Hercules to crossroads, an allegory between vicious and virtue; after the lesson, he gone to bar of university and he drunk a tea, after the payment he gone out and in front of principal door of university, immediately the dark failed and he could not see something; for a moment he was scared, but after two female figures shown to him, and they gazed him and invited to approach, he made it and after asked. “Who are you?”, and the females answered: “We are the virtue and the vicious, you must choose what is you preferred”; and Third gazed twice the females and after: “I want know twice, and I want begin for vicious”, and the female of vicious: “Follow me please”, and Third made it, hence he seen every vicious, a catalog very spread of the perversion, crimes and other, and he seen for a time of a day, and the female of vicious: “Now you can close the eyes”, he made it and after he opened and he was in same point of crossroads, where the female of virtue ordered same things, and for a day Third seen the virtues and nobility, and same ordered given the female of virtue, and he was in same place from begin, hence Third: “I am very happy and satisfied for these visits, but I want given a question”, and twice females gazed one other and simultaneously they say: “Say, we are available for your questions”, and Third: “I want ask it is the third way?”, and the females gazed him intensely, and while they gazed he added: “A third way”, and the female of vicious: “What is the third way?”, and Third: “It is the virtue and vicious mixed”, and the female of virtue: “We don’t know it, way do you asked it?”, and Third: “Because the life asked also the compromises, this is the renounce of some virtue, for to take some vicious and the contrary”, and the female of virtue: “You are asking to me that are the virtue of renounce to my integrity, for to take the vicious, absolutely no!”, and same answer given the female of vicious, and therefore Third: “ Aristoteles, a Greek philosopher, has explained that the perfect virtue is in mesos μεσος, this is the right measure, no extreme for nothing, but capacity of choice for the context, and the female of vicious: “An example?”, and Third: “You must imagine a policeman under cover, he must simulate the criminal behaviors, but he is always a policeman, hence honest and he respects the laws, but in that context he must be criminal, it is the mesos of Aristotle, for a half he is criminal and half he is honest”, and the two females turned toward the space that was between them and improvise a third way it opened in the center, where a man with beard arisen: “Welcome Third”, and Third: “Who are you?” and the man: “I am the third way, follow me”.

Alessandro Lusana         

  

               

 

Explicative title: Hegel’s The phenomenology of spirit

During the read of interpretation of Martin Heidegger(1889-1976) of Phenomenology of spirit of Hegel(1770-1831), the philosophical explication of this book is immediate, above all for the complete extension of title, the explains whole the significate of this book, because who has read this book can know that the title is entirely explicative, in book of Heidegger the explication is very exemplar: “The title of this book for its integrity is. “System of science. First part. Science of experience of conscience”, that after become: “«Science of phenomenology of spirit”; certainly to unwise reader this title is nothing; because is necessary read the book of Hegel, but who has read it is most explication, why? Simple because Hegel, to philosophical level, explains how the brain, this is the spirit, knows something, the explication of Heidegger is whole: “If the knowledge is whole itself , knows that it knows, and if it become so for how it come to itself, but it come to itself alone for how is become other by itself, is necessary that it doesn’t is near to itself…”, this explication hasn’t absolutely sense, useless deny it, because it is alone and philosophical explication, but after Heidegger follows: “The absolute knowledge must be other by inception of experience that conscience makes to itself, experience  that is alone the movement, the history when occurs to come to itself becoming other by itself”; this explication would to merit the capital pain and stop, to the first to whom has mentioned and after to whom want repeat it! What is the meaningful of this mention? Simple the process is philosophically much complicate but if we translate in pragmatic reality this concept, it is very elementary, it is alone an explication that we make everyday, this is: the knowledge is directly inherent to dynamic of experience, we known the fire, and we know that the fire can be useful or harmful, but we have known it during the childhood, because the parents has forgotten to us of set the hand on fire, but in that simple practical knowledge, we didn’t know because the hand on the fire we can’t set, hence the knowledge was again other, the other of Hegel, this is something that again was uncertain, therefore the knowledge was again incomplete, whereby it is other, as we have read already; it become specular to itself, and it is unified to conscience when the experience is complete, this is when we set the hand on the fire, thereupon we fell the harm and dolor, whereby the conscience is become part of itself, this is the conscience recognizes itself, this is the knowledge; until the knowledge is uncertain to us it is the other of Hegel, something that not is in conscience, because is again other, but when the experience is made, whereby the knowledge is become part of conscience, this is we have made the experience, practical experience; thereby the knowledge is part of conscience. Heidegger explained again: “The absolutely knowledge is also the relative knowledge is already,. The relative knowledge is the conscience that again is reveled as spirit.” What is the meaningful? Simple the hand of the fire, that we haven’t set again, therefore the spirit can’t know what is the knowledge, because the experience isn’t.

Alessandro Lusana

 

 

 

 

 

Paranoic life

Mark was a businessman, very ingenious, and he has employed by very much enterprises, because his fame was very untouchable; a contract with Mark was impossible if the enterprise hasn’t some million for the salary and award. It is the gold side of man but an other side subsist in Mark; when he could he attended a psychiatric, specialist to paranoic case, a psychiatric very important that by now was a rapport to Mark that was fraternal, in fact Mark has advised to him much times investments and gain, and the frequentation, also domestic, was constant, Mark was the godfather of sons of Paul, the psychiatric and the brother of Mark; and this choice has made suspicious Paul, because Mark was for years long from his family and after years he has reappeared; Paul anyway treated this case as other, and during their meeting Paul has understood that Mark was affected from a far form of paranoid; mark has enemies everywhere, in the finance enterprises, enemies are always present, but real enemies and no imaginary, but although Paul understood of finance, he has appraised that Mark was the paranoic; he told about enemies that in hotels, some waiter that waited on during a dinner, alone personal that he imagined as enemies or concurrent, that wanted take some secret. Paul, beyond the consanguinity, was always direct to Mark, and mark has chosen him for this. During a session mark asked: “What have I now?”, and Paul answered: “Can be I direct and sincere to you?”, and Mark: “Certainly, you must be sincere, it is as the investment, when I advise an investment I given the benefits and the risks, because the costumer must know…”, and for an hour he spoke around the technic of investment; and when he has ended, he gazed Paul, much bored and Mark recognized it said: “What have I?”, and Paul answered: “You are a paranoic, but the very paranoic, because you are very much egocentric”, Mark gazed Paul and : “I am or paranoic or egocentric”, and Paul: “No you are paranoic because you are egocentric; you think that the word, the waiters in the first place, wanted by you something, but a question you given not to you”, and Mark: “What question?”, and Paul: “Simple, what can want a waiter by you? I give the answer: nothing! Because he doesn’t know you, you are a costumer as other, and he hasn’t interest for you, because he doesn’t know whom are you, what you make, what are your secrets, and how much your finance, why?”, because you are a common costumer, but you must compensate your egocentrism, and as the every paranoic you must search the consideration of somebody, and when it there isn’t you think or imagine that somebody hates you, it is pure egocentrism”, and after the session the usual dinner. Paul for an appointment made a dinner in restaurant, and he met other psychiatric that spoke around the therapies, and he heard a voice that was very familiar, in fact he turned and he seen Mark with uniform for waiter, he gazed him and asked: “Do you want some useful information?”, and Mark: “Yes, for this I am here, for know if in the word are other paranoic”.

Alessandro Lusana                                         

 Democratic birth: USA

This assay want alone to appraise a historical truth that can deny every affirmation regard the presumable dictatorship of England in USA during the colonial period; the piece of a document in 1620, when the English landed in Virginia, and they founded Plymouth, where the lands were given to citizens, it is because more than an ideal consideration is a sake; this is that if nothing has worked the lands the economy both in Plymouth and other where, the USA be not born; anyway the text of  Filippo Mazzei(1730-1816), Enlightenment historical man that has told the history of USA, he said that stressed the possibility of vote: “The papers of council of Plymouth confirm the right of given the lands, but not govern it. In same years 1628, it obtained  other for this effect, the Company of owners could elect an governor, this was Mathieu Cradock, a vice governor Thomas Goffe…”, this step can seem absolutely petty, because today it is normal, today yes, but in 1628, it was the affirmation of democracy, certainly with limitation, as in ancient Greek, where the votes, ψηφοι, in ancient Greek, this were small stones or small ceramics white or black to approval or for negation; but although it can seems a democratic state, in Athens, where was the Areopagus, alone the males could vote and if they has made the military training; it is meaning that the possibility of vote was very short; in fact this habit is used also in birthing USA, because alone the riches owners could vote; but the step of history that we have read, certainly today unacceptable, because each citizen can vote, through the right that he has, but the selection of voting also today is present, because who hasn’t the right in other country can’t vote, today it is normal, but it is a limitation as those both Greek and English. But I want underline that the principle of democracy was already present in USA, from its birth. Hence the democracy in USA, differently of Europe, the vote was a reality; therefore the democracy was present; we must also consider that that country was very scantly peopled, thereupon the vote was very limited, because extension of vote was impossible, because evidently much citizens didn’t know it, and they would not understand the importance. The historic evolution of USA could be also on the democratic uses and thinks, because it was born so; and other consideration is that USA hasn’t a tradition, that some time can be also a weight, because can determine some choose in politic land, but the people would not approve, because it is contrary to his think and customs, and the customs are the documents of historic past; but in USA every community has brought his traditions, hence the unique tradition isn’t, for example the Italians in private spoke among them alone the dialect, their dialect, also because they didn’t known other language, hence alone that they could speak; but Italians have had their traditions, as the German, and other communities; thereupon it is a limited traditions to a number likewise limited; the Americans can underline that they have had and have a democratic tradition instead in others countries the democracy there wasn’t; they can stress that it is the better tradition, certainly today, but for future we can’t know, because we must consider that in USA it is the politic model but in other countries it isn’t, because they have others tradition. Whereby the USA could be alone democratic country, because its tradition is so out set.

Alessandro Lusana 

  

  

 

 

The neoplatonism of Origen

The Origen(185-254 b.Ch), Christian writer, may suffered was influenced from the indirect doctrine of Plato a his book Against Celsius he defends the Christian religion and doctrine, but some step is very translation of Plato: “How more evident, how more beauty these false widow of gods…”; it is can seems a step without importance, but it is a step of Plato, when he speaks about the cave and the widows, in the Republic, he tells that the some imprisoned is tide in a cave and they can look alone a wall where are projected alone widows, hence the imprisons can know alone the widows of knowledge; this myth is more famous of Plato and, evidently, Origen has had this influence, because he speaks about the widows of pagan gods; further Origen continuing his discourse: “…it is take the conviction that the word has an admirable order, and hence to worship, unique creator of a word that is unique that concords and is in harmony to itself in every parts…” it is an effect of the ideas word of Plato. Other step truly Platonic is the following: “The letter kills, and the spirit given the life, where with the letter we must consider the earth subsistence and with spirit those intellectual”. It is the typical reference to Plato because the earth things are alone a poor representation of the word of ideas. Other step: “But f we turn to Lord, where the word of God and where the Saint Spirit manifests spiritual knowledge, hence the vail that hide the eyes we can look the glory of Lord…”, it is a reference to Plato. Other step is more subtle that precedent, but likewise Platonic, regard  to description of Johannes, that has said: “John said in fact that God is light and in him isn’t dark”, and the following words of Origen are meaningful: “if we consider these words through superficially, and consider alone the literal sense…”, it is other influence from Plato, because the literal sense of Origen we can tie directly to the material word of Plato that is alone a poor reflex of the ideas word. Other step instead evidences the affinity of Origen to Empedocles, because the Christian said: “…is a fifth nature of bodies beyond the fourth elements…”, it is Empedocles and his theory about the formation of everything for junction of earth, water, fire and air. Other concept although subtly hided it the following: “God that is principle of everything, we can’t believe composed, otherwise they would be anterior to same principle the elements whose are composted everything…”, it is the Socratic logic, certainly, but Plato is in the think that the common thing that we have every day is projection from the word of ideas, that is vulgar representations of the ideas, that are material on the word; hence believe that the composition of everything is the outcome of these principles, divine principles is erred; it is the Platonic philosophy, that sees alone the material thing but no absolutely the ideal image of the word of ideas. Other step is purely Platonic: “…they(who think that the intellectual nature is accidental) want not understand the intelligence has an affinity to God, whose it is intellectual image; and for this it can know something of divine nature, above all is it is purified and separated from material nature”; it is the representation of Platonic nature of the word of ideas.

Alessandro Lusana

 

Primum sentire, deinde filosofare: Plotinus

The title is Latin and the outrages I can alone imagine, but the translation is simple, it is a small modification of an old Latin motto attributed to Thomas Hobbes, that press for the practical life, and after the intellectual busies; but in ancient times, when the philosophy was a science, Plotinus(a.Ch.204-270) has used the soul and that we, today, identify as sensations, a tool necessary to know; the origin of sensationalism, this is that philosophical address that consider the sensations necessary and uniquely instrument for knowledge; we can consider Plotinus as the first sensationalist in the history of philosophy, in the principal book of Plotinus, that it is a collection of his short texts, this is the Enneads, he gives the principal motive in philosophy of sensationalism: “Who is the owner  the passions, opinions and the thinks?”, it is rhetorical question that Plotinus answered: “Pleasures, pains, dreads, aversions and suffering who is the owner? Or to alone the soul or to soul that uses the body…”, it is the inception of sensationalism; Plotinus uses the soul, or sensation, for the knowledge, that is derived directly from sensations; but Plotinus considered as a dual participation both the mind and the soul: “The first thing, regard to soul, we must detect if other is soul or other to be of soul. If it is so the soul is mixed, and it isn’t absurd that it receives to its, and try, through the agreement of mind, those passions and receives good and wicked custom”; this step is important because allows us to identify and understand that the sensations are alone an instrument necessary to know, but the first analysis is through the mind, because Plotinus, could not consider the sensations alone to detect the goodness or wickedness of an action or think, because the sensations are personal, and various, hence he has enclosed also the mind, that is no alone a emotive analysis, but the true cold rationality, and not certainly the momentary pleasure or dislike of something. In other step repeats this concept: “It needs say that the living or is the living body or the whole of soul and body. To every case or the soul keeps itself because impassive, although it is the cause of passions, or it suffers gather to the body…”, we can consider that Plotinus considers the soul an instrument to receive sensations that after the mind must consider. The same valor to the sensation is given from Etienne Bonnot de Condillac(1714-1780), French philosopher and author of Traité des sensations, that is appraisaled, from the philosophy, as the father of sensationalism, a step is necessary: “Let us consider a man at the first moment of his existence. His soul first has different sensations, such as light, colors, pain, pleasure, motion, rest those are his first thoughts.”, we can consider that it is alone Plotinus translated in French language, that Condillac could translate, very easy, because he known the ancient Greek, hence he has took Plotinus and has reused for to found the Sensationalism; the actual philosophical critic doesn’t consider the contribute of Plotinus to Sensationalism, why? I not clue, may somebody is going to write a book of the lacks of philosophical critic, but I think that duty could ask an army of philosophers, therefore this duty here is begun and here is ended. Anyway more clear is the following words of Condillac: “Let us follow him in the moments when he begins to reflect on what the sensations occasion in him, and we shall end that he forms ideas of the different operations of his soul, such as perceiving and imagining those are his second thoughts. Thus, according to the manner in which external objects affect us, we receive different ideas via the senses, and, further, as we reflect on the operations which the sensations occasion in our soul, we acquire all the ideas which we would not have been able to receive from external objects.”; I want not outrage the French, but it is the Plotinus with French citizen; the concepts are similar or superimposable, The following words are further superimposable to the dynamic process to understand, that Plotinus has unified between mind and soul: “Thus the sensations and operations of the soul are the materials of all our knowledge, materials that are employed by reflection as it explores the relations they contain by making combinations of them.”, It is same process of Plotinus, that we have read above, above all in the words: “…the relations they contain by making combinations of them.”, it is a mention of Plotinus. After these resumptions, some fail is, because the sensation that isn’t rationalizable, because tied to irrationality of feel   : “Let us conclude that there are no ideas that have not been acquired: the first

come directly from the senses, the others from experience and increase in proportion to the capacity for reflection.”, it is fall because the source of knowledge we can recognize perfectly, today as the then, whereby it is a wrong think.

 Alessandro Lusana