Other States
“About the foundation of New York
State. Before of to tell of foundation of Pennsylvania State, it is good some
word about the foundation of New York and New Jersey States, that are more
before than foundation of Pennsylvania. The towns that are of London Company
and Plymouth, that the documents of 1606 had given to twice the States, it is
quit form twice States. The Swedish and Finlandizes were the first that in low
number were in this part of gulf of Delaware. Sometime after some Dutch decided
to come and to stay near to outlet of river Hudson, so called for the captain
Henri Hudson, British, that has discovered in years 1608. The history of this
begin is, without confront, the more confused and the dark than of every
colonies. We can find short for begin of this point, and the memories that are
available were written much time after, and for the persons that have had scant
instruction and nothing impartial. We can remember alone form year 1618, and
they have had near the English of river of Hudson, and they increased
constantly in this small land between the Hudson and the English, the
complaints they used also the hands, and the vantages abated both one and
other, the Dutch finally established a space for govern; and James 1th
complained, and the republic to him given an answer and the particular business
of a company of Amsterdam; and the knight Samuel Argol, governor of Virginia,
behalf the company of London, given it in year 1610 and the James sent a Edward
Langdon for governor, and that called the country New Albion, and that Dutch
emigrants admired for the dependence from their govern. In year 1620 James allowed to Dutch to moor of vessels sent to
Brefil for refresh them and for to take wood. In opinion of some writer, during
the civil war in England, the Dutch took the towns, keeping, a part
considerable of New York State, of New Jersey, of the Delaware, and a little
part of Pennsylvania, that they called New Netherland or New Belgium, and they stabled
different colonies, built in a point between Long Island and the river Hudson,
a city that he called New Amsterdam and he given to the river the name of North-river,
to Hudson river, that keeps again the two names. He built also on the river
Delaware a fortress that he called Casimir, but in Delaware State is New
Castle. They called Zoid river(river of south the river Delaware; this river
keeps with the gulf the unique name that is given to one and other, for honor
of Lord Delaware that come for hazard, while he was charging the Virginia whose
the company has elected governor or president. Some other writer told that the
Dutch were there and they elected a governor with title of general director of
new Belge in year 1623. It is without fundament, because then the England
emigrant come to Virginia from the New England. The Dutch, for the half of
vessels that come toward Brazil, and that touched these coasts as it is agreed,
and easily stabled them, and James 1th want not give try of his force. The
vanity, the real prerogative and the theology busied him. The Swedish and
the Finlandizes that lived in the towns
built in present State of Delaware, were granger, that are searching for their
security, in opinion of much writers, the protection of Dutch because they were
richer and they were great number in 1655 Jean Kizeing, Swedish governor, given
a formal cession of this town to Pierre
Stuyvesant, to governor Dutch. Smith in the his history of New York said that
the Dutch conquered. Charles 2th was decided of conquer and he begun through
the cession the properties and the sovereignty to the duke of York, his
brother, that was after James 2th, and he given a document in date 11th
March 1661. A fleet with troops for the reinforcement of New Amsterdam for its
income, and other was stabled for this example. The name of New Amsterdam was
the place with other and precisely New York, that was given to every town. The
borderlines being again uncertain the new major searched the more possible
extension. In the 24th of same year 1664, he given to Lord Berkley de Straton
and to the knight George Carteret, that part of territories that were now the
New Jersey. The Dutch given to Charles 2th of whole New Belgium through the
Breda trait in date 1661, they back took during the war that Charles begun in year 1671, and they back given in year
1674 through the trait of Westminster. In 29th June after Charles
given to his brother a document for the to defend from problems that could
occur, and for this he has changed the major. Although the govern of New York
State was managed from persons that have been a friend of despotism, here was a
great civil and religious liberty, that may was determined form the composition
of people, this is a mix of different nations, more of other were Dutch. The
character of this people demanded regard. The Bishops favoured the monarchy,
and they were a institution aftyer much time. The first Anglican church, that
of Trinity is in year 1696. For the Catholic after some time they gone,
although the owner and also the governor were partisans much zealous of this religion, that was forbidden,
after the abdication of James. That seemed a fundamental law of colonies
anterior to the code that is in year 1691. I am going to give some information
to rapport of this colony to English, and of the greatest domains in this era.
The kings of England alone have the right for the govern on these colonies and
nobody can manage nothing authority on the every these province, if he hasn’t
received this order directly from the king, though an signed act from the reign
of England. The legislative power if the supreme authority(under the dependence
of king) is in the person of governor, in council and in represent of people
during the general assembly, the exercise and the administration of govern
belong alone to governor though the assent of five councilor or less than five
for the govern. The laws are going to be valid until the king has deleted it or
until deadline. Everybody is going to judge for his peer, and every trial is
going to be give from twelve men. Regard to penal affairs everybody is presumed
guilty must be charged to court of great jury and judged after from twelve juryman.
For every crime except that of high treason and other crimes, to those the law
of England doesn’t allow the caution the
caution must be accepted if those are sufficient. Nothing tax or imposition can
become law without the approvation of general assembly. Every churches or sects
Christian that don’t trouble the peace in the province must be received except
the Catholic churches. It is alone is this is the meet the people under the
governor of duke of York, this assembly didn’t met before than year 1685.
The foundation of New Jersey State. Already I have told that the duke of
York given in year 24th Junes 1664 a part of towns that his brother
has gift to Lord Berkley of Straton to knight George Carteret, and that a part
was called New Jersey, Philipp Carteret, brother of George and governor until
year 1672. During the year 1670 was decided of quit. The citizens founded on
the right that have to be to them, and they have accepted the lands of Indians
and they didn’t want pay it to governor. Philipp Carteret come to England for
the war against the Dutch and he was there until to 1674. I that year he turned
to Jersey and everything was past. The lord Berkley have given his rights to
other, and they agreed to divide the proprieties. The same year, the duke of
York given a document through he given to George Carteret the oriental lands to
him and to successors of Lord Berkley, and that are going to receive of occidental part. This division was
confirmed through an act of general
assembly. This division that was confirmed through an act of general assembly.
The vice governor of province of New York, Edmond Andros, whose the duke
claimed the title up to his take of throne, he learned unjustly about the
governor of occidental Jersey, for prejudice of successors of Lord Berkley. In
year 1680, he managed same way the oriental Jersey, and after some time the
oriental part was give back to Carteret, and the occidental part to successor of
Lord Berkley and Andros was recalled to govern. These restitutions and recalled
has made said to some writer, that Andros made these acts of authorities for
the owner will. It is absolutely false. It is sufficient for to know the
duplicity and the arbitrary humor of James 2th, and his manage after doesn’t
dubs. When he ascended to throne he wanted Andros governor of new England, he
give back government of New York and took that of two Jersey, and after he
nominated these lands as his proprieties. After the abdication of king James the owners have had the their
lands for the king William. The different sale of these proprieties the
divisions and under division, the right of demand sometime of somebody because
they have acquired it from the Indians, and the good will of govern, among the
chiefs they could not agreed the owners decided, in 1701, to present these territories to crow with all right of jurisdiction. They
had to change they have had a special document, that prescribed to every future
governor, some rules that protected the their proprieties, for example to
enable somebody the impositions that the assembly wanted set, neither that
somebody buy the lands from the Indians, without the agree of proprietaries,
for this their order to control to the owners cultivated that was their
possession. In 1683 the two assemblies, one of oriental Jersey and other of
occidental, had defensed the possibility of to reach the territories without
the permission of owners. They made so that the governor didn’t present without
the approbation to revoke this law. During the year 1703 the two Jersey were
together to unique govern for this the governor of New York presided, and
thirty tree years after, the governor of jersey was divided from New York. About foundation of
Pennsylvania and of the Delaware. The founder of colonies of Pennsylvania,
reached these countries in date 4th
March 1681, a paper of Charles 2th that has reserved the fifth part of gold and silver of mines,
and after the use and the annual tribute of two bucks for the castle of
Windsor. Among the great number that these papers gathered, so the most
important that I have though considered. The province that we call Pennsylvania
form William Penn his successors and lieutenant through the consent of majority
of free men or their represent in the assembly they will be the money for the public
community and the tribunals issued the names of judges. The laws are going to
be agree to the rationality, and it is going not to offense the laws of
England, and the king has right to know the private business and the judge when
is an appeal. For the every cases where the positive law of the province, the
laws of England are going to be secondary.”, it is personal comment that I
think relevant for the nascent independence wit, it is the first document, that
I want repeat because it is very relevant: “…the laws of England are going to
be secondary.”; this is the independence of a colony is already
reality, because in conformity with Actualism of Giovanni Gentile(1875-1944),
the ideal reality becomes the effective reality through the work, that Filippo Mazzei(1730-1816), author of this history, has
translated in French language. But the memory of colony is turned immediately,
also because a war to England for the independence was impossible, anyway
William Penn so he was clear for the independence he is clear to add: “A copy
of every law must be given to the province and it must be delivery among the
five years to private counsel among the six months if they are declared
contrary to the England laws it must be refused. The owner can receive the tax
that the assembly has decided. They must be a responsible to court of London,
for to answer to accuses”, it is explains because so indulgence to England, it
is usual politic play, this is you, dear England allow to me to have a
represent and I will refuse the laws that are contrary to you, it is normal policy.
Anyway the text continues:“…the monarchy will can recall the govern until it
hasn’t satisfy and without that it is brought there, and without prejudice for
the owners, and so for other resident of this province.” This step is important
as above mentioned why? Simple because the independence is already gone in the wit of colonies, and it is from the common
peoples but from who has govern, hence from the legitimate power and that
represented the England; in short the “Revolution” was already made, because
the wit is first and after the action, in opinion of Giovanni Gentile: “The own
of lands already occupied from Christian must be keep”, and other step that is
indicative for the judge expressed, regard to “Revolution”, is the following
step: “The monarchy doesn’t set tax or other on the this province, without the consent
of owner, or of assembly, or an act of parliament of England”; Now appears the
last articole that the king can set the tax without consent of assembly, if his
will is similar that the owner or from
an act of England parliament…”, the awareness of colony of its freedom and
independence is transcript form Mazzei, and this step is very important because
manifests the free wit of colony: “But some singularity, totally destructive of
the liberty of colony, and it is contradicted more times in this paper, for the
words that have a contrary sense. And takes it as a uncontestable convention,
it can’t oblige other than the contracting, this is the king and William Penn.
Not alone, it regard not also for something other colonies, and the same can’t
regard the resident of Pennsylvania and the predecessors because they have made
a convention to Penn, before that they come again to England.” In 25 April 1682
is signed the other act for to ensure the freedom and the privilege of people.
This paper is called the paper of William Penn, and it has among things: “The
governor must be seat in general assembly of the province, this is the governor
and the represent of free men, for to give the laws, set the tax, institute of
tribunals and offices. The number of represents not will be superior to two
hundred persons and superior to five hundred, it must have 62 counsellors for
the write of laws, and for the propose of general assembly, for exercise of the
judicial power and other functions as the inspection of treasure of public
every town. The rule for the election the represents of people and the
counsellors, the times of assembly, the election of judge and the method of
administration of justice. He wanted that the first year the assembly can be
composed of free everyman and who will be represent. He ends that some article
can’t be changed without the consent of governor and of six seventh of free men gathered in provincial counsel
and in general assembly. The 5th May in same year he made an
addiction of articles among the following three merit of a mention: 1) every
man has the citizen in this province, who paid the tax to governor, they must
be consider as a free man and with right of elect or to be elected to every
employment. Who believes to a almighty God not to be accused from the tribunal
for the principles of religion for the matter of faith or cult and neither
compelled to attend some minister. The first day of every week must be in rest.
These contracts between Penn and emigrants were signed from other also before
their countries. They come after to America where the first employee of Penn
was the made a plain for Philadelphia and the change, otherwise he putted
toward his vantage the articles that are signed. How he has made some writer
has celebrated him, and for the character he is enough interpret and he has
exaggerated he has made so that the reader cabn judge before the occurred.
There is a thing that is remarkable or not understanding, this is the court of
London has given this paper to William Penn, and precisely in the time when he
has decided of take every papers to colonies already issued and to communities
of own reign. The examination of events is going to make the stupor. In fact
how much the York duke desired far to restore the Catholic religion. Penn has
been his counselor and he continued until the ascent to throne. And after the
opinion of cultured, the idea of begin with universal tolerance to him was
suggested from Penn, as the better way to reach the sake. For the religious
sentiment of Penn his feel are very much partisan. Somebody has believed him
Quaker other Jesuit. We can consider that for his behavior he was Jesuit and he
didn’t be to Quakers similar. The motive that has putted Penn to agree before
his travel to London for a governor favorable to people was the hope to growth of
faithful. After for this he made printed the system whose title was System of
governor of the province of Pennsylvania in America, and other laws that he has
took in London between the governor and much free men in this province, and
after confirmed in the town trough the first provincial assembly….”; personal
consideration about the growth of faithful, evidently Penn, as a true political
man, has wanted increased the faithful because these were also the workers and
citizens, hence useful to Pennsylvania, Mazzei reported also a judge on Penn:
“The author of historical work that I want mention, said that Penn united the cunning
of snake to innocence of turtledove”, and it is true, because he has thought as
a political man; hence the fight that in Europe among religious believes were
today, in Pennsylvania it have to not be. Mazzei continues his narration: “The
three counts called the territory, that they have formed the small state of
Delaware, and that was already lived from Europeans, they were so included in
the cession, Penn demanded that the king agrre to him the jurisdiction trough a
paper, but nobody has seen this paper. The ulterior confirm of the absolutely
independence from the English power is the following step: “In the second
session in Philadelphia in 1683, Penn proposed a third political system more
conform to his opinion, and that he has managed to adopt. It has kept something
of the first and of second, but much it was different from twice. The change
was fought because the assembly was very discord, the step is the following:
“In years 1683 he has ordered the change of government. The strong opposition
that he has met could give believe that one alone would have less pain to
manage…The honorable owner, for the motives that they known has given me the
positive orders of decadence of every laws except the fundamental and the
gather the legislative authorities, at
last those that are judged necessary to future.”. Ulterior again resolution,
now directly from the king of England James 1th the authorization to give the
laws: “The honorable owner for the paper o king, he authorized his heritages,
with the consent of free men, to give the laws and it publish under his sigil,
laws necessary to wealth of people, that aren’t never given under the right
form…”. Mazzei anyway continues: “The motives that he known, this is the owner
and that he didn’t informed is in conformity of style of Asiatic kings”. The
Penn evidently has considered that he could become a Asian sovereign because
the told of Mazzei is very low democratic: “To the first session of assembly
that was after the reestablishment of owner they lament to vice governor,
because they weren’t called in conformity of Statute. For to give to the govern
the stability and the clear forms, the represents proposed an issue very well
thought, that had a new constitution. The vice agreed his consent in year 1697,
but it have hasn’t effects because the owner didn’t consider the propose of
modify.”. Toward the end of 1699 to herself for the second time, in the first
session that occurred in 1700, he send again the govern system to that of 1683,
and that now was issued through the formalities, and he promised to present a
form more opportune to twice parts. During this time he considered alone his
interest. He met the assembly, sometime, in New Castle, capital of land, and
sometime in Philadelphia, and he used every strategy for bewitch the citizens
to his opinion. It isn’t lack, this is the egocentrism that in every political
man is present, because it is present in men that aren’t political men, in
political men it is a principal motive, anyway Penn sais to assembly, for
narration of Mazzei: “The last assembly that is convened has met in September
1701. To start he has excused for beforehand regard to terms that has issued,
and he said that the enemies of wealth of England has got profit for his
absence for the harm, hence he have to come very soon.”; the enemies of
Pennsylvania may we like some name, that England wanted harm its colony it is
very improbable, and what were the intentions for to harm the Pennsylvania Penn
didn’t explains; it is alone a psychological compensation, this is in
Pennsylvania I am William Penn, the governor, in England I am William Penn,
this is nobody; hence the dynamic compensation to psychological level was
necessary, both in Pennsylvania and in Europe. The ridiculous is after, I don’t
offend the residents of Pennsylvania, but the human character is evident,
therefore it is the a compensation and egocentrism because also the political
men are human, Mazzei continues: “His speech was filled of expression to
adherence and interest, he said that there was an infinity regret and he have
to mandatory long stay from them…”, the follow of speech is alone an celebration
of his sentiment and stop, hence we can save it. A political note is over the
speech of Penn, and Mazzei has synthetized through the following words: “He has
asked to them are going to rest unit and of send both the business and the
payment. The represent answered with respect and affect”, hence we can
understand the alarmism of Penn in precedent words, he wanted that the owners
pay. Finally something of policy is turned: “To new govern system he presented
in date 28 October, and almost to moment of his departure”; it is could be a
coincidence, but it isn’t because the represent have presented it when he have
to departure, why? Simple because the time for to discuss there wasn’t, and the
explication of the motive is in the following words: “The change more essential
were in right of propose the laws that have to arrive to council and to the
represents and regard of election of it that was took off to people. And other
substantial relevant change for the religion free, for this article: “Everybody
that believes to Christ can serve the governor for every duty. The first is
that he must believes to Christ for to joy of every right of citizenship. The
represents of the territories want not adopt this new system; they come out for
the disgust and didn’t gone in never”; evidently the interest of owners were
touched and they refused every contact to assembly: “Penn quitted after his
departure and the colonies union was broken.”: the judge on the Penn of Mazzei
is very bad and false: “Penn has had crazy ideas and much capricious and
demanded constantly a need of money, and he used also the extraordinary
instruments to reached the money, and the vices governor given the approbation
to keep their duty…, he died in London in year 1718”; why this judge is false?
Simple because Mazzei reported the more speech of Penn, his travel to London,
and he has translated it in French language, very important and certainly
boring, but useful; but useful would be also the translation in French, English
or Assyrian of some laws that Penn and the assembly has decided, we can’t find
something, because Mazzei has translated; therefore this judge is inferred from
the laws of Pennsylvania or from some historical man, that was very pissed off?
Because the proofs there aren’t. Mazzei evidently has had a personal hate
forward Penn, because the judge continues: “If William Penn so good as the
written have described him, the Pennsylvania colony could be prosper”, and we
can answer to this affirmation the name of historical man that has written the
contrary, this is that Pennsylvania was the poor colony; also because Penn died
in 1718, and the American “revolution” occurred among the year 1775 and 1783,
hence somebody I think until 1775 could find five minutes of time necessary for
to write that these are alone cock up, because the Pennsylvania was a poor
colony; but evidently these judge aren’t, otherwise Mazzei would uses other
historical man, that expressed a negative judge on the governor of Penn; we can
also think that these historic men Mazzei could not read, because he has not
had, certainly but if he hasn’t read these historical men, how he can said the
Pennsylvania was the poor colony? Simple he has heard some judge from somebody,
and stop. But Mazzei continues his
attack: “About the fortune, for example, because the writers have said that he
weren’t to war again the savages, and
other small things that to them has suggested the imagination”; but the
laughable contradiction of Mazzei is in the following step, it is very
ridiculous and I want stressed with bold: “But although the low scruples through the
owner played the convention, and although the disputes that were dominant among the colons, The
Pennsylvania was rich more swiftly than other colonies…”; this
ridiculous judge is very important because shows the absolutely untrustworthy
judge of Mazzei about the researches, that aren’t made in archives but alone
some source that we can consider, today, worth but that has had some personal
motive to express these judges, anyway Mazzei continues: “He(Penn) used the
precedent experience, as the aids that he has received during his childhood,
both to live and those that he has given for the aid that to him was given,
when were attacked his borderline. The form of govern that Penn has promised
and that he have printed in London, as I have said above, it enabled to arrive
of much emigrants.”; we can now ask to Mazzei, but if Penn has been a disaster
why much emigrants come to Pennsylvania?, if he has been so disastrous why the
Pennsylvania was so prosper? And the limit to ridiculous isn’t or at last
Mazzei didn’t known, because the narration continues: “We can add the salutary
effect of religious freedom, that was present after the year 1701, although the
right of citizen was limited to alone Christian. Since every emigrant was
Christian, nobody suffered the injustice to other religions and everybody
joined because there isn’t a dominant religion”. Mazzei continues: “The Quakers
in their begin they were more fanatic than the Anabaptist, although they become
much moderate they haven’t suffered neither in Virginia nor in every colonies
of New England, except the Rhode Island, and something in colonies of Maryland
and New York, but the consistent was very short…”; a note of Mazzei regard the
religion freedom is important: “The extension of govern of Rhode Island was
very low to attract the European emigrants, and it is may is the difference
that exists regard the religion freedom between this colony and others on New
England, that were then unknown. The Massachusetts, Connecticut and the New
Hampshire were governed arbitrarily for the Congregationalist, the Virginia was
governed form the Anglican. The extension of Maryland wasn’t so great and the
Catholics have had the influence, both for the number and for the land owners.
The govern of New York depended from James 2th , and it didn’t given the
satisfactory. The protestant weren’t so satisfied for the short Catholic that
were come under the protection of James 2th…”. Regard the States of Georgia and of two Carolinas: “The foundation
of two Carolinas and of Georgia. Although the first settling of the towns that
today are the Carolinas and the Georgia have become before of some years that
of Pennsylvania, we could not explain before because the division of Carolinas
on two provinces is posterior of 46 years, and the foundation of Georgia of 50
years; and the clearness want that we can tell around three colonies gather and
without break. In date 24th March 1661, Charles 2th given the paper
that given the lands sited on the 31 and 36 grade of latitude to eight persons:
the count of Clarendon, the duke of Albemarle, lord Craven, lord Berkley, lord
Ashley and the knight George Carteret, William Berkley, and James Colleton. The
new towns were called Caroline, and somebody has said to honor of king. Hewit
author of an history of south Caroline and of Georgia, want that the name of
these two States has given before for John Ribaud, that during the civil wars
in French he was sent to these provinces for the admiral de Coligny with two
vessels, with great number of persons, for a foundation of a colony, he thought
that the intention of de Coligny was of
prepare a refuge for him and his partisans because he was compelled of quit his
country. Hewit says that Ribaud having extensive to the Indians he become enemy
of Spanish, they applied an settlement made in French between the two parts,
Coligny that until that time he didn’t aid his nascent colony, he sent Renè
Laudener with three vessels and with a
number very considerable of emigrants, and before of his arrive, Ribaud being
started with whole his word, but he lacked of everything, and so also Laudener
wanted make and for same motive, Ribaud run again the seventh vessels when the
colony begun to prosper, Peter Mélandez, Spanish, killed Ribaud through seventh
hundred of his: “He tried to stayed instead to return to French. We must add
mister Georges de Gascogne revenged the his compatriots some time after and he
off with you Mèlandez, but neither him. nor other not tried the foundation of
colony. The paper of Charles 2th declared the height associated and of them it
reports also the names, majors and owners of towns, and with right of jurisdiction,
royal privilege and other. The unique restriction is that the laws can be alone
for consent of free men. In the meme paper, after these large concessions both
for him and his heir, the domain on every towns. These ambiguities are the
effect of an hazard, where that were the intentions. And two years after a new
paper, in date 30th Juny extended the lands further the 29th
and 30th grade and half to latitude, and declaring that they will be
divided from Virginia for a right line from the west to east. We arrived now to
epoch of system of legislation of Locke,
the system more famous of among the great names of this author, and the owners
have to given to Locke the principal parts of the base on they have to found something.
If it is so to me it seems that Locke have to not accepter an assembly. But
examining attentively every parts of this mechanism, that is extremely
complicated, and it is induces to believe that the architect didn’t use much
time, and neither so dedication, and if the illusion having he represented the
fundaments as stable and right. For respect of author, we have set the system
to end of this book, and if it isn’t too much long. It contains a hundred and
twenty articles…”, and : “Some county must be formed for high counts, and high
barons and 24 colonies, every divisions have to contain at last 12 thousand
acres of land, and six colonies must be considered a district, and for
consequence six colonies must former a district for one count. Some owner must
have a domination in every count. He must have a hereditary nobility consistent
to a title of count, and the high baronies, and to these high baronies they
must belong must be belong and two native for count…”, a difference to govern
system of Pennsylvania is present and it is remarkable: “The great council is
composed from the palatine and seventh owners, and 42 counsellor… and the exclusive right to make war and
peace…”, and for election of assembly: “The parliament must be composed from
the owners, counts, native and one represent for district, and they are going
to seat in same room. The election of represents must be every two years. It is possible to every owner that has at
last 5 hundred acres of land…The parliament must discuss the affairs proposed
from the great council. These resolutions will become law it have to approved
from the Palatine court and from the parliament”; it is similar to other govern
systems that we have seen, but a difference from the Pennsylvania is and it is
substantial, regard the religion, because the article 96th said: “I
am going to end and I am saying that the 96th article of system
declares that the Anglican religion is the unique and that must be kept for the
govern.”; it is manifest that Machiavelli was right when he said: “Religio
instrumentum regni, this is the religion is a tool necessary to reign”. The
text continues: “In year 1667 the owners sent William Sayre for the examination
of the towns. After his comeback, the king agreed le cession of every islands
set among the 22th grade and the 27th grade of latitude in year
1669, they resent him with quality of governor and he was followed from a great
number of immigrants. The first cure was of make a plan to building a city,
that they called Charles town, to honor of king. The first emigrants were much
bold. They found, after the land, wild lands and the pools. The insects of that
lands, they were very numerous and noise. Their notions about the agriculture
regard to this lands and in confront of the town that they have quit…the
Indians visited them almost…The duke of
York, being the major of the New Belgium, and his way of govern in much
resident is born the will of change the town. Much Hollands proposed to go to
Carolina. The owners accepted and they employed two vessels. The arrive of
these Hollands encouraged the courage of residents. Their example solicited
other from Europe and America, in 1674 the people could elected its represent.
The rules of Locke didn’t follow to future. The extreme complications that
become to the difficult execution, become impossible for the begin, We must add
that this govern wasn’t fit to genius of people, and the owners did everything
to substitute it, people that rarely make us respect. This town didn’t late to
see the divergences and disorders of different natures. The religion has had
great part. Because the Anglicans were the scant number, and the owners have
has the predilection for the Anglican religion. They have had the inclination
to become dominant their religion, in fact they tried more times to abate other.
The partiality of owners toward the Anglicans
in every circumstance increased the jalousie, envy and animosity. The
sea then was populated for the pirates, and Charles 2th nominated knight Henry
Morgan from Galles, famous chief of navy that has had robbed Porto bello and
Panama”, a short note that explains the dynamic of policy; every men is fit
when the necessity asked it, also a robber was opportune if the danger was more
great, this the pirates. The example of the king is going to contribute much to
remove the pirates, both in Europe and America. The Carolina was the town more
advantageous for the pirates for the nearness to Spanish territories. They were
very lavish, and they had not difficult to entire to these territories. The
owners didn’t have the accord to Indians, and hence the wars or the rows among
them and to residents of Carolina. The pirates took the prisoners Indians, and
sold them to the islands, and this repulsive merchant lasted long, and they
never have had the intention of abolish it”; it is the notation of
Enlightenment man; we must also consider that the bondage in Europe was
abolished form centuries , hence the bondage in USA, was the spontaneous
reaction; but we also consider that this think the Spanish and other nations
that arrived in USA never have had, because the exigence of cultivate the lands
was fundamental, therefore: “Primum vivere deinde filosofare”. Mazzei
continues: “Finally the misrule of James 2th and the revoke of Nantes edict
were rescue to this nascent colonies. The persecution determined the transfer
form French and England, respectable families that found a new life. We can
allow that for these persons renounce of wetness of their country for the
search the freedom, and they are different from who have employed from the
Companies. The last emigrants seen soon that the interest of people could not
agree to owner. The their observation about the misrule of king were diffused and
to be considered. Le governor Morton, a man of merit and regard esteemed in the
colony, lost the favor of people and have had alone of owners…”. The freedom of
colonies is in this step: “In this kind of anarchy, the secretary Paul Grimball
irritated the people for his zeal very ardent to hold the owners. The people
sent him to jail…”; if the Grimball has been a dictator certainly he didn’t be
to prison, and the people would be under his dictatorship; but the history, or
at last Mazzei, said that he was in prison; it is the anticipation of the
French Revolution, and not certainly because the French people had known of
this episode in year 1789, but we can think that the people when the personal
interest has harmed it rebelled forward everybody. Mazzei after explained the
action of governor and it justify the
reaction of people: “Colleton(died in 1706, and in office among (1686-1690),
used a device. He met the militia, as the country was in danger and he declared
the martial law, the people was ensured that he hasn’t some appearance of invasion,
and that the governor have imagined, and this pretext was necessary to
intimate, he summoned the assembly that arrested the governor because he was
incapable to political govern or military service and he is going to go out. The
assembly informed him around his exile. This notification arrived in year 1690.
The owners elected as governor a Philip Ludweli from the Virginia for to keep the
order and tranquility, and employ a new plan for the govern, and for this the
represent reached the right of to propose the laws”; certainly the dictatorship
was absolute, and I want dear bloody. The text says: “The weakness of the
govern enables the go back of pirates, and they continued to sale of Indians.
Ludwell didn’t believe to stablish good order, he written to owners for to send
other govern, and he gone back to Virginia. Hewit said that proprietaries by
him they have the right, as they have willed. He have had as successor Thomas
Smith, and it was the begin of governor of Smith and the first wheat was
brought for the captain of Caroline, that boarded to Islands of Madagascar to
England. Two years after Smith given his resignation because he can’t keep the order, and he advised the owners to
call one among them. In year 1695 they sent for governor John Archdale, Quaker,
that during a year, he restored low to abuses, but he could not avoid the
presence of pirates, neither abolish the sale of Indians, and he was compelled
to enable to joy of French refuge and that they could vote they represent.
Archdale after the return from England he induced the owners much articles of
their govern system. They sent to Carolina a new plan but the assembly refused
it for the indifference that stressed the open to a strong persuasion that hasn’t
need of their rules. The religion disputes were calmed, he have had alone the
possibility of to sustain the Anglicans so that they remain to owners. After
the assembly, the people reached more stability, and he advised to French
refuged of given a request to assembly so that is was gather to other citizens,
and they are going to joy of same rights. They have reached much friends for
their good behavior and their calm. The suspicion of the disputes from the
religion had calmed the wits, and the crowd of residents, discovered his right.
In the year 1702 were elected the represents under the protection of Governor
and without respect for the laws.”, this hazard is deplorable today, but we
must also consider that “Primum vivere deinde filosofare”, this is: The first
the essential needs and after other, inasmuch the owners were the first because
they guaranteed the richness and the labor, therefore the production and
incomes; it is policy; this opinion is confirmed by the step following: “An
assembly that wasn’t elected from the free suffrage of people, and the law that
issued the predominance of Anglican religion, and it is excited the wits”; we
can think that it is an arbiter, certainly to a superficial analysis is seems
so, but the note that we have read above, the first necessities are more
important, it this guaranteed from the Anglican owners. It is made procedure
and truly the oppressed wined, and the war that was to burst to French hasn’t
distracted the attention. The wars from the external countries are the more
efficient motive to resolve the internal dissension. In Carolina the
dissatisfaction was extreme. The no-conformist composed the majority of
residents. Somebody gone to abroad, and fired more hate. But an invasion in
these colony was menaced from the French and Spain gather in two parts, and for
the defense the principal motive was the religion. In years 1708 much persons emigrated
from the Palatinate(Germany) to Carolina. They set to owners and they sent
their vessels to sign the accord, and to them was enabled a hundred of acres
apiece, with a condition that was that they must pay a money sterling to acre.
They were stabled on the river Roanoke to scant distance from the Virginia
State; they were the much number of founders of Carolina State of North and
they are going to be worker. Unfortunately a hundred and thirty men were
attacked abruptly and massacred with much others from the Indians from
differences tribes, that in that occasion were unified to revenge ancient
harms, and so confused the innocents to guilt. The govern of owner continued to
change and the power was accidental. The breaks of their power was very short.
Their obstinacy to spread the dissatisfaction of people. Finally in 1719 the
people decided to be free. In Carolina then was the Robert Johnson, man of much
merit and considered by assembly for his qualities. The assembly issued through
him the resolution that it has took, this is to be free from the govern of owner,
provided he doesn’t recognizes his superior the king. He refused and he made
everything to conserve the power of heads. The assembly elected hence mister
James Moore to govern, pro tempore, and sent an agent to king fro held the
rights of people. When the agent arrived to London, George 1th was in Hannover.
The regency took immediately the will of people of Carolina. And in 1721 was
sent to governor the general Nicolson,
that has received the more life acclamations. Seventh owners sold to king their
right, the mister Grenville kept the proprieties of whom has assigned the lands
on the north. An settling was already formed about the river Roanoke, hence
distant from that of Charles-Town, the country was divided in two provinces, called as it are today
called North Carolina and South Carolina, under two distinct govern. Johnson
stayed in Carolina after Moore, and he never has quitted of opposition to will
of residents, alone for held the interest of chiefs, for it he was very wreck
received to London. He anyway was consoled in year 1731, when he has sent from the king as governor to South
Carolina. The people of Charles-Town recalled to his merits, and fro that he
has made to owners, and he was welcomed as Cicero was received to Rome after
his exiles . The 3end of governor the owners of Carolina has had alone 14
thousand, although he was arrived from Europe. The people could not increased
neither to satisfaction, After the governor has changed the colony begun to
prosper. In year 1732 the South Carolina took other vast extension of countries
to create a third colony, that was called Georgia,
to honor of king. The paper is dated 9th June, that was enabled to a
Company of 21 persons, that were unified not for interest but alone for to found
a shelter for the unlucky…Jacques Ogletorpe a founder, was the first that
walked beyond these counties, he has brought seventh persons that he made
landed to Charles-Town, where the residents were astonished for the sending fro
these proofs people of proofed humanity. They donated pigs, cows and other
animals. He for to encourage until river Savannah, on the bank Ogletorpe
ordered the building of a city that he called as the river. The second that has
had a considerable name of emigrant, it was a Pierre Pury. He has given with
170 his compatriot and built Purisbourg and after he has been followed from
other hundred. The founders being riches persons and respectable, for their
intention, their entrepreneur, the proof and he engaged for the parliament for given
a sum necessary to encourage. Hewit said that he has reached 3600 sterling, and
other said 10.000. It is possible that this contribute given the birth to the
error, much accredited in Europe, that the colonies have been founded for the
spending of nation. The Americans not know it and the English haven’t duty of
say it; abbot Raynal so expressed, against the truth: “In a time much limited
it received 1,485,000 sterling”. He stress that the this contribution has been
a good work, as a donation of a private, and he didn’t give to nation the right
of sovereignty, the money sent to Portugal for the earthquake of Lisbon, it
didn’t donate. The owners could be called the protectors or benefactors rather
than master or owner, the their rules given a new proof of good govern of
distant country. In spite the better intentions, gather the rescues and in
spite the good will of emigrant proofs among he has had a number of workers
families both Scottish and German, the
colonies not grown; the wreck occasions for the rules made alone to make the
good, a great number gone out. The major part made scant walk because they
passed the river and established in Carolina. They have needed alone the change
the govern to be prosper. Finally these benefactor of humanity pursued from the
experience that the men can’t be become better, if to them give the choose of
devices and quitter. In years 1752 they give back to king the paper, and the
governor of Georgia was set on the same step of other. A step of a session of
Congress in Vienne, in year 1816, gives the synthetic but very efficient
explication about the causes of American “revolution”: “The feeble bonds that unite the
vast America with its rigorous and distant metropolis, are bursting.”;
it is the truth, the bonds were very feeble, hence the American Revolution
becomes American “revolution”.
Alessandro Lusana
,
,
.jfif)