Pragmatic theologian Luther

The read of 95 thesis of Martin Luther(1483-1546), written in 1517 and affixed to door of church of castle to Wittenberg, without his knowledge, it amazing to their nearness to Catholicism; it is could absurd, because Luther is founder of Protestantism, but we must consider that he was a Augustinian monk and in convent he studied theologian, hence the Catholic believe was in him very much and during writing of these thesis he was Catholic; but we must read some steps very contradictory: number 2: “The pain is so until is continue the depreciate of himself(this is the very interior penance) this is until we are going to go in the reign of heaven”, the Catholicism said same but more moderate, but the confession is the repentance, but during confession the faithful must repentance, and he must confess every sin, and alone after the repentance the priest gives the absolution. But if we consider the theological practice, and abolition of confession it is a pragmatic valuation, this is Luther allowed to protestant every sin; without a confessor you could make every sin, after your death you are going confess to God, certainly, but the faithful lives on the earth and now; thereupon it is very pragmatic way to major liberty; it today is normal but in 1517 it was very strange. Number 5 The pope will not  can pardon sin except these ordered from precise bond fro him or canonical right”, it is very surprising, because the pope and the Church make it from centuries. Number 6: “The pope can’t pardon nothing sin if he not declares that it is given from God, or condemns these guilt that alone to him are reserved…”; it is normal costume of Church during 1517-1518 and from centuries. The seven thesis is acme of laughing because is palmar contradictory, but after we can understand because  this contradiction: “God not pardon the guilt for nobody without that he is subjected, and deeply humiliated to priest, his vicar”; it is very right, but the vicar of God is priest and clergy; without the confession that Luther clergy and the mess that Luther has deleted the faithful has his sins always, on stead the priest asks the repentance. The number 8 is same: “The canonical penance the Church hasn’t ordered the penance to dying, contrary has given the saint oil to pardon of sins, thereby it absolves and not condemns. The vicar of thesis seven isn’t the priest, but the prince, or princes, it is means that Luther just has though that the princes could helped this Reform; in fact some years after the thesis, he although accepted the protest of peasantries to excess of tax, he asked the submission to orders of princes, why? Because they are helping the Reform. Luther as Calvin to his thesis played between two field, one papal and other reformist while he attended the develop of events; the princes took profit and he become a convinced reformer; therefore the politic guaranteed the Reform, as the politic guaranteed the Catholic reform.10.“The priest that give the penitence to dying that they are going to expiate to purgatory, they work very bad”; a priest give alone the pardon of sins to dying and no certainly the penitence, because alone God is going to judge, and no the priest that is a man. Number 12. Once it ordered the satisfaction of penitence not after but before the absolution, it was a true proof of contrition”; today is same, before the confession and after the absolution.17. The Protestantism doesn’t believes the purgatory…”; but we must consider that in this time Luther was Catholic again, hence he is speaking as Catholic. “Number 18. It isn’t appears not where in holy Gospel that the soul can’t grows his merit”; when the soul has gone to paradise, nothing merit can grows his merit and thereby because he arrived to Paradise and the climb the corporate ladder isn’t to Paradise; but we can think that the Protestanism hasn’t the canonical priests, but pastors that must gain faithful, and for this carrier is; and we can consider that Luther has had just though to his Reform when he has written these thesis, or rather when he was Catholic. Number 19. Neither it appears that they are sure of their beatitude, although we are very certain”; the last judgement is alone of God, thereupon we can’t sure that a soul is beat. Number 20. “For this the pope, with remission of every sin, he doesn’t thinks every blame but alone those that he has ordered”; it is normal, because the pope is human, and he can pardon the human sins, God, after the death, is going to give his judgement. Number 21. “They mistake the preachers of indulgences, tell that to indulgences of pope the man is freedom from every penitence”, it is true; but among these preachers was also a guy with name Martin Luther, that 10 days before of affixation of these thesis he was preaching in favor of indulgence; therefore he should written that he was one monk favorable to indulgence, but this particular isn’t. Number 22. Actually to Purgatory souls the pope doesn’t give other penitence, that they should expire during their life”; alone God can grow the penitence and not certainly the pope. We can consider these errors of Luther as ignorance, but it isn’t, because the hide truth is that Luther wanted an religious  independence from Rome, thereupon the theologian was very less present. The adherence of Luther to Gospel is principal motive to argue to Rome, because in the reality both religious and political more things must change, but it is necessary to Luther to creation of a politic state in Germany, and hence to exclude the Roman power; the words of saint Paul: “Although I was free, I become servant of everybody”, the comment of Luther: “The Christian is completely free, he is lord od everything, he isn’t subject to nobody”; it is can seems alone an interpretation of saint Paul, but it hide something more relevant, this is in Germany you are going free, above all the tax or indulgences, this is motive to protest against the indulgences; but when the tax has ordered from some German prince it is more bearable, because these princes are German; further the Protestantsm foresees the predestination, this almost a salvation, thereby more salvific than Christianism; but this theological solution why? Simple because who is adherent to Protestantism and is German automatically he is going to save; naturally it isn’t not declared, also because very much peoples in Europe would be excluded; and the marketed distinction from Catholicism is the absence of well works to Protestant; Christ said about the well works as consequence of interior light of Holy Spirit, but absence of well works in Luther because predominant is alone the interior light is contradictory in theologian concept, but no certainly in politic think of Luther, why? Because to work to other state as Rome is useless, instead you, Protestant faithful must work to a German state, alone so the tax and work is bearable, because these tax are going to be in Germany alone. The words of saint Paul(Letter to Corinthians 9-20): “I become the slave to gain the major number; and I become Jew to J, to who are subjected to law as I was under the law instead I am not so, and who is without law I become almost without law…”; it is alone a step of Gospel, hence without importance; but we must consider the politic sake of Luther, and interpreted so all is clear, because, the uniformity of behavior to different person and religion or communities, guarantees the diffusion of Protestantism, and the following words of same Paul: “You have not duties toward somebody except love one together”; we can object that is normal in Christian religion, and protestant are Christian, thereupon nothing of relevant, yes certainly but if this step is though politically we can understand that this step of saint Paul is very useful to Luther to his sake, because also you are Protestant or Catholic you are before German, and it is important. These words of Gospel are used by Luther and in politic translated sense we can interpret other way and we can arrive to truth; the step of Matthew(5,17) is a  political declaration of Luther but under the Gospel step: “You don’t believe that I am here to abolish the law or Prophets: I am here not to abolish but to complete them…”, and other step: “If you want fulfill the law as it demands, you must make it: you must believe to Christ, to him are promised to you grace, justification, peace, freedom, and if you believe you are going to have everything, otherwise nothing”, it is other step of Gospel, but interpreted with hide political sense, we can translated it so: If you believe to the German state you are going to have everything, peace, freedom(above all from the Catholic Church). Other step but not evangelic, but from a book of Luther(The freedom of Christian), are meaningful to the politic sense: “Since these words of God are saint words, true, right, free, peaceful and full of goodness, occurs that the souls that adhere with faith indestructible, it is absorbed until the first moment and so it takes part…”; it is enough substitute the God with State and the political read is fulfilled; and the following step pursues the precedent sense: “If the simple touch of Christ healed, so this spiritual penetration of word of God is going to communicate to soul every its virtues. So the soul is justified, sanctified, peaceful, freed, to alone the faithful, without the works, thank to word of God, and it is filled of every goodness and become daughter of God”, same think above expressed; it is enough that God become the State.      

 Alessandro Lusana      

 

 

Pragmatic papacy

Indication of Jubilee of 1650, in conformity to costume, at last a years before ordered were issued, thereupon we can find the prices to hostels and rooms, prices to food, wine and food to animals to strangers: a text of order said: “Hence we to order of our lord…we order and command to hostel, hoteliers, rooms, and inn, that they must treat very well their hosts and they must give alone the food, if they are going to will it alone, or the room alone, or twice in conformity their demands…” and following it: “Given to Apostolic chamber in this December 1649. Bread 8 ounces, veal 16 ounces or 21 ounces…hoax Libra 11…”; it is evident because these price very modest, the first because who come to Rome to jubilee year has had alone a spiritual motive, thereupon the food was secondary in confront to spiritual compensation, and second because also the pilgrims are mankind thereby they also must eat and drink, and sleep; but edit of holy hear has thought to the sins, carnal sins, because edit said also about the prostitutes: “About prostitutes and dishonest women and theirs exploiters: We must provide to very much freedom  that every day the prostitutes we command and order that to future nobody of these prostitutes, or dishonest women…dares go in, eat, sleep in rooms or inn, hotels and tavern in Rome…”, this order is normal today to Jubilee years, and so it is, but in that recurrence the justification is normal to that years, because after the prostitutes are going to make their profession; it is enough think that a pope as Sixtus 5^th given the freedom to this categories, provide they pay the tax, because it is the gain to State; therefore the pragmatic wit of popes perseveres; because during the jubilee the prohibition was inevitable because Rome could be a brothel and the faithful could took profit to make sins and after expiate the day after, but the appearance is all in 17^th century, and the Jubilee it must respect, in fact the edit ordered about the costume, cloth and places, but it not prohibits the prostitution; it is important because hide aa authentic laicism, why? Because it no order to faithful to attend the prostitutes, and nothing about forbidden to make this work, why? Simple because it have guaranteed the grown of criminals acts, if only source of gain is prostitution, the exploits and prostitute have made criminals acts to survive; hence we can prohibit alone something to prostitute but they can make the profession because we must take the less evil, this is better the faithful fucks ensuring the that prostitute lives rather than the exploit makes criminals acts; it is normal politic manage; therefore above all the popes must be very good politic man, and after also popes.

Alessandro Lusana           

  

          

 

Past Roman legends

The anonymous author of Origo gentis romanae, written about 360 a.Ch., follows that wit and tracks of Virgil(70b.Ch-19b.Ch), historical man Livy(59b.Ch-17a.Ch) and other; he tells about the origin of Roman people, but with a laughable fantasy, because in the land where after is born Rome he transfers Giano, the first god of Rome, that come to Lazio, the region where is Rome, and he received Saturn, and Antenor, a fantastic figure that is come to Italy before Aeneas; but neither of them has come to Italy, because they never are exist; in fact he mentions Aphrodite and her words that the goddess said in Aeneid of Virgil, hence he has took from Virgil, but or has failed to memory, or has mistook the genealogy, because Creusa, wife of Aeneas, mythical founder of Rome, is daughter of Priam, mythic king of Troy, instead in the Origo, she is daughter of Erectile, mythical king of Athens, instead in archeological reality it is a temple in Athens. But in opinion of author Giano come to Italy with a great fleet, and in Rome he resided on hill Gianicolo, and after come also  Saturn, ancient Roman god of agriculture, and in fact in this fantasy tale he has taught the agriculture to Roman people. We must also consider that this author endeavors give some hint of credibility, but her took from Virgil, this is the poetic work of Virgil, thereupon the Trojan people come to Italy during the reign of Latino, mythical king of Albalonga, an ancient city near Rome; and the Christian believe is present because he hint to flood, and we must interpret it as universal flood, in following words: “Quidem autem tradunt terries diluvio coopertis passim multos diversarum regionum in montibus…”, this is: “Somebody tells that when the earths were cover from flood(universal) the men transferred to mounts and different regions…”. We must contextualized this book in the time when it was written; in 360 a.Ch., the new emperor was Julian the Apostate(b.Ch.331-b.Ch.363), that has renegade the Christian religion and he tried the return to ancient paganism; thereby this emperor was much favorable to a tale that kept the pagan origin of Rome; the author has endeavored a affinity to new chief of Rome, as Virgil to Augustus during the 1th b.Ch., this book is alone an adherence to new predominance of paganism; but it is likewise legendary because the paganism in Rome was predominant until the 5^th, thereby this legend book is alone a momentary return to past, that was at sunset, although continued is predominance. This book is also a celebration of past, both historical and poetic, but the mention of flood is a motive very suspect, because in Roman mythology is a flood, but survived Deucalion and Phyrrha, figures of mythology, aren’t mentioned, and it is strange to author that is rich of particulars regard the mythical figures, evidently he didn’t hinted to protagonist of flood because is was a Christian believe, hence the flood alone could automatically confused with od Deucalion.

Alessandro Lusana  

              

 

 

Religio founder regni:Jean Calvin

Jean Calvin(1509-1564) has been a theologian scholar, and he was the founder of Protestantism in Switzerland; his principal book Institutio christianae religionis manifests some ancient think of medieval theologian, a step of this book says: “…if nobody can see otherwise to God, to he lives and he move herself, with intuition his he must change…hence from God goods from heaven little by little to us is instilled…”; it is to a Catholic is normal think, but this think is present in writes of Saint Augustin(354-430) and Saint Thomas(1225-1274) they said same thing, same think; in fact to think of two theologians the aid of God to understand is fundamental, Saint Augustin was Christian alone, because then difference among confessions isn’t, because the first distinction is in years 1054 between catholic and orthodox, to a theologian question, but the second, this is Thomas was catholic, therefore why has took also saint Thomas? Simple because the sake of Calvin has been the birth of new confession, but the creation of new state, the Switzerland nation, that has had among its citizen also much catholic, thereupon he have to manage between the principal confessions; in fact he has deleted the free will, fundamental to catholic theologian, but he has kept the catholic theologian although not whole, but he have to satisfy one confession, the Lutheran and catholic; hence Calvin wanted unite Switzerland, and the religion was a perfect tool necessary to this unity, as he made; differently from Luther he has not had the princes, that wanted took the lands of Church, in Switzerland the economy was agriculture and mercenary, thereby the State have to be unite all to founder no alone the religion, but the citizens. The theologian think about the understanding of kind man was better tool to guarantee the creation of a state; because every struggle of the state could justified through  the divine will, thereupon the incapacity to manage the state. Calvin was son of a notary and he known perfectly the valor of law, and he known it very better; that laic law now become the religion law; a theocratic state? No certainly, but the consecration of human law through the divine holy justification; this step of his book explains what is the nature of theological of Calvin: “Nam hic virtutű Dei sensus nobis idoneus eſt pietatis magiſter,ex qua religio nafcitur…”; this is: “Since in this virtue of God the sense to us suitable master, and the religion is born…”; and qwe must consider that beyond the divine nature of this book, Calvin consider certainly God, but his sake is human kind; because Calvin known that the earth state is composed by men, and the eventualy riots alone other men could stop it; this step is majority explicative to politic program of Calvin: “Pietatem voco coniunda cum amore Dei reuerentia quam beneficiorum”, this is: “Pity I claim joined to love of God worship  as benefits”, apparently this words haven’t sense, but if we consider that Calvin wanted create a state, so I have said above, this is the unit of men, prescinding from religion or confession, was natural tool necessary, thereupon the “coniunda”, this is to be united was vital. Other step is likewise important:“Donec enim fentiant homines,Deo se omnia debere, paternae eius cura foueri , eum fibi omniűm bonorum esse authore”, this is: “Until the men feel that from God they must give, with his paternal cure they are loved, and from him every good…”, and "vt nihilextra ipſum quærendű fit, nunquam se voluntaria obferuantia ſubiicient"; it is enough interpret the substantive God to State and the program is evident, and “…quando nobis vivendi lex eſſe debet eius voluntas?” this is in hide sense the State; and in a word is contradiction: “…ipſum potes, nisi vt bonorum omnium fonte esse et origine agnoſcas: vnde et deſiderium illi adhærendi”, this is. “herself can alone source of every good and the origin of it you can know: from it desire to him adhere”; it is more clear the political program, because Calvin has said: “from it desire to him adhere”, but the free will of man isn’t, same Luther, thereby the mankind hasn’t possibility, otherwise the free will of men is catholic theological concept; but in a state the free will is natural, and important is not impose orders because the riot could occur in any moments.   

 Calvin has dedicated Institutio christianae religionis to Francis 1th, king of France and catholic; it is means that my opinion is proves that the wit of submission to the power was evident, and that Calvin wanted followed the law also in heresy, hence he wanted ahere to law also if ditant from France. 

Alessandro Lusana        

   

 

Ideal source to a real painting: Zurbaran

I art history, videlicet in critic art, above all European a scansion, very strong, is present between to real representation and ideal imagine, that exclude every contact with human nature and every grant from reality; it is to Michelangelo Buonarroti(1475-1564), the Sistine chapel is consecration of this pictorial address, Raphael(1483-1520), is same; to the sculpture Alessandro Algardi(1595-1654), Donatello(1386-1466), Nicola Pisano(1220-1284), in Middle age; Bernini, in stead, find the perfect mixture between the nature and ideal, to this is sufficient see the Kidnapping of Proserpina(Fig.1), in Galleria Borghese, Rome, where Bernini used the physical classicism to Pluton but he followed also the natural phenomenal(Fig.2), the skin of Proserpina, Annibale Carracci(1560-1609), in the Farnese gallery, has used same the criterion of Bernini, he castes the natural behavior and ideal classicism, above all physical(Figs.3-4); therefore it is normal both sculptors and painters, they must satisfy the costumer, hence every idea is right to attain the sake. Same way that used from Francisco de Zurbaran(1598-1664), that Francisco has took certainly from a engraver or print, then much diffused; model to the Apotheosis of saint Thomas(Fig.5); where he has stirred a classic pattern as Raphael from Dispute about sacrament(Fig.6), that he could not see because in Italy he has never come, thereby the engravings or print, as above hinted; de Zurbaran stirs two pictorial address and he naturalized the classic ideal; thereupon the idea is got down on earth, the figures below are less numerous than Raphael(Fig.7), but the space was less and the costumers weren’t the pope Julius 2th, as to Raphael. To Miracle of Porziuncola(Fig.8), the first church of Franciscan order(Fig.9), de Zurbaran followed the same classical painter, because he has took from Raphael the Ascension of Christ(Fig.10), and to high side he has took the Coronation of Virgin(Fig.11), twice of Raphael. To The death of Hercules(Fig.12), Francisco took the naked on vault of Sistine chapel(Figs.13-14) and to suggest the posture is also inevitable Creation of Adam(Fig.15). Zurbaran picked the natural and, as every painters, he took around other patterns, all is possible when the costumer must be satisfy. To Annunciation(Fig.16), he took the same subject of Guido Reni(figs.17-18); the high composition is pattern to de Zurbaran's iconography.  

Alessandro Lusana   

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Monetary Renaissance

The scholars of Italian Renaissance, begun in Florence, is considered alone the artistic context, the humanistic culture and philosophical nature of much intellectual certainly; it is a context that we must think as the example, but what the first determination that has guaranteed this predominance? The middle class of Florence that very active in merchant could celebrated its presence in Florence, thank to merchant and business that it has had in the Europe; the historical critic has underline this expansion typical of entrepreneurs, in fact in a Italian book( STORIA DEL COMMERCIO E DEI BANCHlERI DI FIRENZE IN TUTTO IL MONDO CONOSCIUTO DAL 1200 AL 1345, p.9) says: “Got up to throne Charles 1th, the Florentines to protection of popes, become much affected and able merchant, and they took profit to colonize and transfer their merchants…”, but the economic condition of Naples reign was very poor, and the Florentine merchants could not gain with sale of cloths, thereupon they thought other business, it is the money loan, above all because the new monarchy of Charles 1th(died in 1282), after the conquest of this reign in 1266, have to kept his armies with lands that he given to nobility men that has helped to conquest; thereupon the new king needed also very much money. The first lenders was the family Frescobaldi and Ardinghelli in years 1273, and Peruzzi in years 1289 or 1304, become the familiar of king: “29^th Juny…to Arnoldo Peruzzi Florentine familiar his(of king Charles 1th) and his family, regard much services that merchant men of society of Peruzzi have given and again they don’t break to give to person of king”; other document, in 1306, synthetized, as those following, show the importance of these merchant families in Naples and Florence because the Charles 2th asks to Florence to allow the Peruzzi family the permission to bring weapons to personal defense; but the step very meaningful is that: “…and they(the members of govern of Florence), as their antecedent…”; it is means that this family has had an important power in Florence, because antecedent govern men allowed the weapons to Peruzzi; their power thereupon was relevant. In 1307, 12^th October, king Charles 2th asked the payment of a sum of money that the reign of Naples can take through the Peruzzi society; evidently this family has conquered the preference of the king. The same king demands, to the administrator of justice in Bari, the payment of a sum to Florentine merchants of Bardi, Peruzzi and Acciarelli society 4000 ounces of gold to payment from royal court. The Peruzzi family has had his chapel in Saint Cross, Florence, decorated from Giotto, as the Bardi chapel; it attests that the Renaissance is pictorial and literary, but with money of these families; thereby the Renaissance was guaranteed from money of merchants and entrepreneurs, that after the capital has cured also the soul through the chapel and holy subject; in fact the Bardi family had the chapel in the Florentine church of Santa Croce, that was painted from Giotto(died in 1337), and the chapel in same church decorated from Maso di Banco(died in1348) 1336-1337, and after commissioned to Botticelli(1445-1510) the altarpiece for their chapel. Italian Renaissance and literary and history of art must thank these merchants, that has given the figurative and literary life to cultural 16^th century, otherwise it could be a common century. Some information about the economy of Florence during second half of 14^th century, that confirms the richness of the city: Florence was a center more solid of cloth and wood in Europe. In 1338 there were 200 wood stores, and between 1355-1374 were 402. In 1378 the number of laboratories was among 290 and 400, and the worker to wood were 9000 and part time 4000; every laboratory has had between 29 and 31 workers. We have information about some laboratory that has had 200 worker. It is I think is sufficient to explain that Florence was before a cultural center it was a economic center.

Alessandro Lusana  

 

Different times but equal power

This essay has found during the read and episode of riot of Ciompi in 31th Aguste 1378, for economic motives, but certainly these causes are: the principal creditor of Ciompi were members of Art of wood, to advanced on salary, owner of houses, therefore rent. We must not interpreter this substantive “riot” as we instinctively interpreter today, a sort of revolution, because it isn’t so, because during Middle age a revolution was thought also a simple protest, the corporation, or Art, of wood, the workers that demand the better salary; today these manifestations are normal, but then it were very anomalous. I want stress remark that also the power isn’t of people, it is in his hands, and the power of people is fair; naturally the riots must be true riots, but reaction that the power has had in front of these riots underlines what has been the fair. Today the revolution are disappeared because the police power knows perfectly that a simple protest could become a revolution, it is evident, in historical contest, by the reform of Luther, that apparently has nothing link to policy and revolution, but it has very close rapport with economy; Luther involuntary, because his rules were attached to door of Schlosskirche castle, but he didn’t know it; the German princes took profit of this new context and they took the propriety of Church in Germany; hence for economic motives the reform of Luther has had its presence in history. The catholic Church after the success of reform provided with new council and have to set new order in the Church and fight the reform, considered as heresy, but the catholic power have to modified itself, in intern; evidently it have to be modified but beginning by in. The French revolution, other example, begun with 14 adherent, that were not revolutionaries but simple poor that wanted robber the armies kept in Bastille, and the permission to go in to these poor was the director, that has informed foregoing of this attack; after it, but I am exaggerating to call it “attack”, the riots against the monarchy didn’t occur; the revolution occurred because the middle class wanted the major liberty in economic trade, but the revolution was possible to middle class because, differently from the Church with Luther, the aristocracy, by now poor class, we could call it, because ancient richness was disappeared and they haven’t nothing, the king Louis 16^th didn’t understand the danger that was imminent, because he was stupid? Certainly so, but also because the danger wasn’t, the riot of middle class in General states, meeting of every class of France with their representatives has swore in a room near to room of sitting; after this swear nothing occurred; thereupon didn’t reform itself because the danger wasn’t evident, the chiefs revolutionaries aren’t in Paris, La Fayette confessed that he wasn’t in Paris when the “attack” happened; when the reform of power in French have to begin by now was later. The Ciompi riot has had its effects, because: “The workers were has been to palace of govern foregoing, and they have imposed  to govern to swear to execute  the program of workers…”, and after the enthusiastic riot of people of Ciompi, the fight were feral and some died, after the surrender and delivery of symbols of arts the worker ended the riot and vindications disappeared, and after this delivery much workers gone to home, because evidently the sake has been take, in the Arts was occurred a revolution, because the chiefs of these were ousted, thereby the govern could give the ammunition, how? After the in the Arts occurred how I have explain the same members of Arts attacked the Art of workers of wood, and the govern of Florence has had a reaction very exaggerate, because 50 citizens riots were decapitated, and in 1381 some citizen was decapitated without process; this reaction certainly was pitiless, but the people has took his sake, the expulsion of chiefs of arts, therefore to govern all was leaved; but the govern of arts has had reformed itself in. This easy seems useless, but want attest that the true power is in the people, that today can vote, and chooses his representatives, but the people has always had the power, because the historical examples, above descripted, are clear example that the govern reacts after the riot with feral way because it has had the fair; therefore the people by scary, because has the power.The debts were more huge problem of families, who could not pay the debt bore the distraint, and if  goods were insufficient to extension of debt, the direct way was the jail, but they could not gain the salary and therefore pay the debts. The Florentine jail, called le Stinche was full of debtors, and may major part were Ciompi, since the attack to Stinche was the first act of this riot; further among the important demands of Ciompi was abolition of jail to debts; this request is very much interested because the economic causes and the right personal interest was motives; but in every flight are one against other two interest.

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Alessandro Lusana