Involuntary fame: Adam Smith

Everybody follow of Adam Smith(1723-1790), during the read of his An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations, where he tells about the obvious economic dynamics, that are daily for every families and person, that lives on the word, in fact the read is very boring, but the same Smith, I think, would have said that his fame as founder of liberalist think is absolutely false; he certainly would have said it in conformity both of his intellectual honesty and because his book is last result of opinion that the British country had from two centuries before of Smith, hence the fame of founder of liberalist or liberal think, in economic sense is liberalist or laissez faire, is absolutely involuntary. Today for copies sold of his book and gain he certainly would attribute to herself this merit; but, sometime occurs, he is died. Anyway his fame is both involuntary because he has took from other, as one is Sir William Petty(1623-1687), that in years 1662, written A treatise of taxes and contributions, he describes the same obviousness, but the motive that we can’t apart is that economy is real matter, daily matter and therefore can tie alone to daily and to obviousness; whereby also the petty has told alone the obviousness, and if somebody after the this treatise want shoot him, we inform that he is already died. Some step of this treatise can gives to us a taste of this obviousness:     He Publick Charges of a State, are, that of its defence by land and Sea, of its peace at home and abroad, as also of its honourable vindication from the injuries of other States; all which we may. call the charge of the militia , which commonly is in ordinary as great -as any other branch of the whole ; but extraordinary,(that is, 1n time of War, or fear of War) is much the greatest. another branch of the public charge is, the Maintenance of the governors, chief and subordinate; I mean, such not only as spend their whole time in the Execution of their respective Offices, but also who spent much in sickness themselves as well with abilities to that' is end…”, these is the obviousness, and other obviousness is from Smith: “The job made during an year is found from where every nation takes everything that are necessary and comfort for the life that during a year it consumes and that are from the immediately job or that changed to other nations can be reached. It is the first lines of An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations; this is the obviousness, and these two treatises are written for distance of 114 years one form other, and it is simple the tale of economic dynamic, hence the economy is obvious and very easy, because everyday we must consider it, and independently from social class everyman considers it; but the sake of this essay is one, I want demonstrate that the this economic dynamic already was present, and when Smith written its treatise the England was already a nation that, from half of 17^th century, was busied in free commerce; in fact a step of Michel Beaud(The birth of capitalism, p.43) is explicative for this wit: “The England is busy, from begin of 17^th century, in colonial expansion. The Oriental Indians Company is created in year 1600 through the direct aid of queen Elisabeth: fifteen years after it has twenty filial in India, in the isles of extreme orient…”; it is the liberal trade that the liberalism the England is from 17^th century; thereupon Smith told that is evident from 176 years, whereby he is the late of almost 2 centuries, compliment dear Smith; but he would say: “I have written a treatise about economy, if after some idiot had though that I have written the Holy Bible of liberal economy, I haven’t guilt”.

Alessandro Lusana          

 

 

The need of compensation

I must thank Aristotle because her has taught, involuntary, to me his method fit to study both living and died, through the books that read; he has taught to me a speculative method, and the very short life human that I know, fortunately, because I prefer the died, this is the authors that the history has left to us; anyway I have could ascertained, very often, that the marriages, friendships or engagements are a compensation, this is the integration of something that we haven’t, the vivacity is often compensated from a character of other that is very silent, the fond is often accomplished from a detached character, and the life comes for vague tries of involve in this passionate nature also other, his husband or wife; but everything is born from a necessity of compensation, because unconsciously we know perfectly our nature and therefore we search something that is different, hence a compensation. In external rapports we make same thing, and when somebody is as us, we justify the detachment through the antipathy or other banal motives, necessary to justify the lack of compensation, because the similar characters, in opinion of Aristotle tie between them perfectly, certainly it is true, because every man feels whose he need, whereby a strong man could choose a strong woman but also a weak woman, in this last case it is the compensation, because the man searches the side of his character that by now he doesn’t feel; instead the man or woman that want a man strong or weak character near need of compensation, this is find an equilibrium, because it is the compensation, an equilibrium that can gives to us lack side; if we think rationally it we can understand that it is alone an egoistic research; because the compensation is a need alone our, personal without other motive; thereupon it is egoism. We can reach the equilibrium also through other tools, the objects, for example; we are charm from some object and to it we can find our compensation; often who has a limited sexual life has very much erotic fantasies, the schizophrenic images other conditions and life, that after he tells, aware that these are alone lies, but important is alone the satisfy his wit, this is the necessary compensation because out he doesn’t find attention, and the compensation is in his brain, this is think and imagine something. The paranoic is same, he is searching constantly the attention of other and when it lacks consequently he believes that everybody want harms him; it is the compensation, the satisfaction of owner egocentrism, the schizotypal is a asocial guy that compensates his solitude through the discourse and offences to the word whole; it is the compensation and that is human or alone imaginary is always compensation.

Alessandro Lusana      

 

The culte of incompetence: Roland Freart de Chambray

I confess that this title isn’t mine but I have took it from Emile Faguet(1847-1916), French literary critic that describes very fit the incompetence of some critic, through a critical retrospectivity we can picked the incompetence and the absolutely ignorance of other French, Roland Freart de Chambray(1606-1676), a French treat writer author of Idea of perfection of painting, that would be laughable if he wasn’t serious, because, I think has studied very much to tell these cucks up, we can begin with these prophetic words and I advise that we must read very well, because it is a scientific proof of human intellectual degeneration: “I suppose that every art has his principle, and whose is necessary the acknowledge to whom want make the job of artist…”, because if somebody want be a surgeon can operate without acknowledges, same exercise to the architect, engineer and police man and other, and after these saint cuck up her followed: “…we can hope of some progress in art, without a perfect acknowledge of its principles, that are of a very sublime contemplation, above all the perspective and the geometry, because lacking it the painting can’t exists.”; sincerely more read this author and more I search a capital pain for this idiot, may thrown among crocodiles, but I am dread that they would throw back, because, rightly, would say; he is a human and you have made it, hence you must solve this problem, otherwise we have to call the PETA. Fréart de Chambray naturally follows with his fantasies: “Those ancient painters…”, what is mystery, a name and paintings is necessary, but we would be to ask too much, and following: “…that has brought the painting to highest level of its perfection…they followed in their painting five parts, that are its fundamental principles…”; evidently Fréart de Chambray has seen and studies these painting that we can’t see but he has seen, but the name of painting, it is too much? He mentioned the name of a treatise writer Francois Junius(1591-1677), author of De pictura veterum, a collection of poetical steps and the painting representation, absolutely useless, hence very sit to Fréart de Chambray, that regard to invention explain something that we would not understand without this author: “About the invention. The invention, of the genius of paint a history, and have a idea about the subject that we want paint, it is the natural talent, that we can’t reached neither fro study nor for work, it is the fire of intellect…”; some body should remember to Fréart that Michelangelo(1475 –1564), he being a sculptor had very scant experience with painting and in fact were moulds for frescos technical, therefore the experience is necessary, it is obvious, but among very much cocks up one more is a number alone. Other information on this painting exercise: “About the proportion. About the proportion, this is the symmetry, and correspondence of every part, it is very easy a every brain can make it…the man can learn it without toil but alone following the geometry…”, but I think that we can also follow the widow of kill that some body, after the read of Fréart de Chambray, has decided to kill him, with advise that he don’t will shoot to forehead, because it would a bullet useless. Anyway Fréart de Chambray is necessary to understand how we don’t must write a treat.

Alessandro Lusana 

 

 

Thomas More and William Morris: two times but similar idea

Thomas More(1478-1535) William Morris(1834-1896) are lived in different times and epochs, but their ideas are very similar and we can understand it through connection with times, but a short note can aid us to understand the influence of More on Morris; in fact More has printed the Utopia of More in year 1893, it is alone a scant notice that hasn’t relevance, but it is instead great importance, because he evidently has had read Utopian of More and when he published the New from nowhere, one of major romance he kept in memory the narrative of More, because the Utopia, is a town that not exists, and that More imagined and descripted with more particulars, that are very near to Morris, the civil living together in the city of Utopia, the absence of grudge and absence of envy, lack of steal and robber because everything is common, production is alone to necessary, the govern that is elected directly from people; today it is normal, but during More’s time, this is during the reign of Henry 8^th (1491-1547) the monarchy was absolutely, and this think that was republican in that time was a very risk, it is sufficient think that More was decapitated in year 1535, because he was refused to recognize the supremacy of Henry 8^th on the British Church, he was condemned to capital pain for treason. He has descripted a word, or a city, this is Utopia, that is an inn to republican govern and model; I personally don’t think that he believed to a republican govern, because he was Chancellor of crow, hence he was very distant from this model. The influence on Morris is evident in description of Hammond, a older man that describes the country where he is living, that is England because he, in a step of romance, suggests to foreign, that is man of 19^th century, to go beyond the Channel, that divides French from England, hence he is in England; and Hammond describes a society that is perfect, where everybody makes the job that want, and the gain is alone in the work, this is the pleasure of to work, but the monetary gain isn’t, the decisions are took from majority, and when the citizens are discord every decision is send again, because important is don’t determine or create enmity; after a exasperation of socialism think of Morris is in other step, when the stranger asks to Hammond what rapports there are to stranger countries and Hammond answers: “…the whole system of rival countries  and in fight one other, that has had major part in the civil word, is disappeared with inequality between man and man in the society…” but a hide polemic to British conformism, although hide but there is, because Hammond answers to ask of foreign that asked if the lack of inequality become the word very boring, he says: “You go beyond the Channel and you are going to see the differences, in the land, in built, in the eat, in the way to amuse…”,; the question is where is the hide polemic? Simple in the character that Morris describes but beyond the Channel, in French, and it contradiction, because the town descripted from Hammond if is perfect and isn’t inequality, that is attests that differences are, why don’t describes the British difference? Why beyond the Channel in French? He could suggest to stranger of go out of house of Hammond and see the difference in country of Hammond; evidently Morris known perfectly the British society, and the equality was a motive essential to some social class, and it is the polemic, that was hide, but for attentive reader it emerges. Anyway the influence was very important and Morris’s The news from nowhere is the new Utopia, that also in the title is corresponding, because utopia from ancient Greek οὐτόπος means nowhere, therefore from the title this romance is the homage to More.

Alessandro Lusana

 Two roles

Richard: husband

Brigitte: wife

The writer

Two roles

Richard: husband

Brigitte: wife

The writer

Richard a husband of middle age that has a job very repetitive in an office of White House, office also important because he was the chief of this office that have to cure the international relation, and after he have to refer to his Department, through relations and reports that he read to Secretary of State and other during the meetings; when something was very wrong in the word he searched soon the justification to inform directly the Secretary; his principal duty was of consider the actions in the politic word, above in foreign states and express his opinion to fit strategy, and he was in White House by years because he was a common people but with very great policy intelligence, and every Secretary of State has kept him in that roll. Brigitte his wife was a secretary in an investment agency, she as Richard was graduate also she was very considered in his job, a woman very beauty, they has the same age; they were a very happy couple, in conformity to the common opinion, they haven’t sons and they lived to their jobs, when could they eaten together in a restaurant, by now usual the argument of they discussion was Fury, their dog, and some gossip, and the Saturday and Sunday when they were in home Richard read the journal and Brigitte looked the television, but contacts were, as to every couple, very limited. Naturally they have also lovers, Richard a secretary of 24 years that in comparison with Brigitte she was younger but certainly not more beautiful, actually she was in the medias beauty, instead Brigitte was very beautiful woman, much high, blonde and charming, a woman very elegant and always grave, never she has given some sign of humanity, or weakness through a smile. The Saturday and Sunday were the days of phones called, Richard was called always from his lovers and same to Brigitte, twice to be on the phones to each lovers, but jealousy by now was disappeared; they were a normal disinterested couple, very common, but they have decided that for their meeting with lovers in house it is forgotten, alone in hotel; they have reached the absolutely harmony, they were marriage because for external function and morality or conformism; Richard has had, during much years in his office and political job, much lovers and Brigitte likewise, they have grasped the equilibrium both interior that external, everything was perfect, and for the essence the marriage was already ended after two months, but their job ordered that the image was all. During one summer Sunday, Richard called Brigitte and asked: “Can you say the public that the this comedy is finished, thank you”, and Brigitte: “You sometime could make it”, and Richard: “Yes but now I must go to bath”, and Brigitte: “What I must say?”, and Richard: “Say that if they want we can welcome them tomorrow”, and Brigitte, to the public: “Ladies and gentlemen this performance is finished, we are sure that we have interpreted also your marriages, hence your performance, and here we have interpreted that you don’t want confess, thank you very much”, and the curtains were closed.

 Alessandro Lusana         

                       

 

The utopian republic of Thomas More

Thomas More(1478-1535) has been a British  politic, and humanist whose the more famous book is Utopian, this the isn’t town, that he describes in this book, the capital is Amauroto, where is also the Senate, where is tells that he has lived for five years, and the utopian sense of this city is given for a name of river, that is scant distant from the city, this is Anhydrous, from ancient Greek ἄνυδρος, this is without water, but a river without water isn’t a river; apart the geographic descriptions, very boring, interesting something is the common everything: “…every house has the door both back and ahead, and everybody can enter because they have everything in common…”, this is the first indication, alone hinted of More about this utopian republic, in the republic States the private propriety is present, but More follows the his address, this is utopian think and he amuses with description that in British monarchy and every monarchic country were an utopian think, the community of thing as the hinted pacifism, the he expressed in the following words where he describes summary the arms: “hence through the cannons of cocked stones…”, that can’t exist, but beyond the utopian description, the deep sense is toward the uselessness of armies, in conformity of Catholic think, this is the refuse of war. The election of judges is other utopian will of More, he describes the election of judges in Amauroto: “Every thirty families elect a judge…and other judge swear will elect the prince who is to common utility…”; this institution is took by More from Eliea(in ancient Greek ἡλιαία), this is the major tribunal composed from citizens for draw; it is other utopian think, because the figure of prince is the king, always hinted, that in think of More we can interpret as the custom of democracy, the election of a king, how today we make for democracy states. The humanistic nature of More is present in description of recreational activity: “ They read every day before dawn, and they above all that are elected to study.”, and the utopic think turns in this step: “But both men and female make it following their desire.”. More because an humanist hence very distant from practical life doesn’t describe what is possibility of this city to gain the life, but it is alone utopian description, therefore: “You can think that they work alone 6 hours can bear the discomfort of necessary thing, but it isn’t, actually they through the time of work they gain quite for every comfort; a right analysis of British and European society is hint in following words: “The first almost the females, that are the half of people work, and the men rest. How much crowd of priest and religious? The rich and noble and their families and servant…and rascal that are simulate hell, because idler, and you find that a little number gain to all.”, it is a description of European society, and it is descripted sometime through punctual observation. But he hinted also to republic state, not explicitly but alone through allusions. One note of economic organization is in these words, where More, speaking about the privileges, says: “Consider for these how much arts aren’t necessary it makes to service to lustful and from it it gain great gain. If the scant that work, were distributed in short arts of human to live comforter, the eat would be so scant price, that the men would have overflow.”; it is a think of republican state, because every state has based its survive on the work, it is logic and obvious, nothing state born on the idlers, but the sake of more is in this book to argue to the aristocracy class, it is evident. The confession of ideal model of state is in these words: “But in the Utopian republic, so well ordinated…”, it is confession of preference of More to republic; it is also the confession of, today would judge, of a radical chic, because More was the Lord Chancellor, hence he lived on the works, certainly merited this position, today would judge very less the death, for decapitation, therefore would well to ascertain if he would have accepted a republican govern; and other limit of More in the following words: “And somebody sumptuous isn’t content of his house in confront of other, they want one new and quit the primary house. But in the republic of Utopia very rarely it is built actually they provide before that it is occurs. “. Certainly right opinion but More doesn’t consider that these built give the work, hence the gain.   

Alessandro Lusana   

 

 

Scientific danger between pope and cardinals: Galileo Galilei

The process to Galileo Galilei(1564-1642), suffered a process in years 1633 because he held the Copernican theory of universe, that rightly hypothesized the sun in the center of universe; Galileo in fronted this process and he have to deny all his theory, alone formally because he after the Roman process gone in Pisa and other cities. Why the Church was so worry to theoretical adherence? We must consider the politic contest above all, because it is the first motive to deny validity to Galileo, and the first clue for hypothesize it is in a painting of Andrea Sacchi(1599-1661), a painter that painted a fresco very interesting fro this contest because it is the confutation of process to Galileo, in fact Sacchi, among 1629-1633, has painted the Allegory of Divine sapience(Fig.1), where he represented the word the is distant from sun and it isn’t to center, hence the fresco of Sacchi was an heretical painting or no? Certainly no, because the pope Urban 8^th has commissioned this painting, therefore the pope was heretical represented, or may Urban 8^th (1623-1644), of astronomy and other matters he didn’t care? The second hypothesize is certainly more credible, but repeat the historical context is important; because the Church has left much power in Europe, much nations were become Protestant and the danger that other follow this example was everyday present, hence to reinforce its power have to contrast every think or discovery that could contrast to scientific think of the Church. The witness, at last from depositions and documents of this process, a friar Father Caccini  has evidenced that he has heard Galileo that said other wrong opinions, type: “The miracles that it says made by Saints, aren’t true miracles. He has nominated some other witnesses and whole exam we have deducted that these opinion aren’t assertive neither of Galileo and his pupils, but alone in a disputation; and the confutation no of this evidence, because Galileo was Catholic, but the scientific discovery of Galileo is the fresco of Sacchi, above mentioned, because the verbal of process said: “Seen  in the book of solar spots printed in Rome two propositions, The sun is center of the word and every (planet) is immobile, the word isn’t the center of universe and every(planet) is mobile during the day: these thesis are judged absurd.”, the evidence of worry of Church for heresy is in following steps: “The first(opinion) is heretic both formally and repulsive to Holy written…”, it confirm the opinion, this is the worry for an eventually danger of heretic opinion. It is further confirmed from other words in same verbal: “For this the 25^th February 1616 our Lord(this is the pope Urban 8^th) to the mister cardinal Belarmino that he calls in front of herself Galileo and he gives precept that he not treats about the immobility of sun and the immobility of word”; it is the confirm that the Church was worry and the new discoveries would have lack its power also in scientific context; in fact Bellarmino give alone an order but he didn’t condemn these theories, in fact in fresco of Sacchi this theory is painted, evidently the pope Urban 8^th wanted alone to silence the Saint Uffizio, the institution of Church that judged the case of heresies; furthermore the fresco of Sacchi was painted in 1633, year of process to Galileo; it is evidences that it is alone a political position necessary to the Church and stop; and in fact after the process Galileo suffered the condemn of house arrest in Rome and after in Siena in palace of bishop Piccolomini and finally in his villa, near Florence, called the Jeweler. If he has been a heretic he would have bear sentence certainly more severe , and the bishop Piccolomini didn’t would guest him, thereupon that this accuse if heresy was untrustworthy, because a pope and a bishop has pay homage both directly and indirectly, for the fresco of Sacchi, to Galileo. Furthermore the deposition of Galileo: “He says that in year 1616 he gone to Rome for to hear that was opportune keep of opinion of Copernicus about the mobility of word and immobility of sun, and about this matter he has spoken to cardinals of saint Office and of cardinal Bellarmino”, if his opinions were heretical I doubt that Galileo have asked opinion to these cardinals; evidently the Church ascertained the importance of discoveries of Galileo, but he these thesis contrasted the Holy Bible the Church have to admit the Holy Bible has wrong  and it is would given a unhoped aid to Protestant confession, that would used this thesis to attack the Catholic confession.

Alessandro Lusana   

Fig.1