Paranoic life

Mark was a businessman, very ingenious, and he has employed by very much enterprises, because his fame was very untouchable; a contract with Mark was impossible if the enterprise hasn’t some million for the salary and award. It is the gold side of man but an other side subsist in Mark; when he could he attended a psychiatric, specialist to paranoic case, a psychiatric very important that by now was a rapport to Mark that was fraternal, in fact Mark has advised to him much times investments and gain, and the frequentation, also domestic, was constant, Mark was the godfather of sons of Paul, the psychiatric and the brother of Mark; and this choice has made suspicious Paul, because Mark was for years long from his family and after years he has reappeared; Paul anyway treated this case as other, and during their meeting Paul has understood that Mark was affected from a far form of paranoid; mark has enemies everywhere, in the finance enterprises, enemies are always present, but real enemies and no imaginary, but although Paul understood of finance, he has appraised that Mark was the paranoic; he told about enemies that in hotels, some waiter that waited on during a dinner, alone personal that he imagined as enemies or concurrent, that wanted take some secret. Paul, beyond the consanguinity, was always direct to Mark, and mark has chosen him for this. During a session mark asked: “What have I now?”, and Paul answered: “Can be I direct and sincere to you?”, and Mark: “Certainly, you must be sincere, it is as the investment, when I advise an investment I given the benefits and the risks, because the costumer must know…”, and for an hour he spoke around the technic of investment; and when he has ended, he gazed Paul, much bored and Mark recognized it said: “What have I?”, and Paul answered: “You are a paranoic, but the very paranoic, because you are very much egocentric”, Mark gazed Paul and : “I am or paranoic or egocentric”, and Paul: “No you are paranoic because you are egocentric; you think that the word, the waiters in the first place, wanted by you something, but a question you given not to you”, and Mark: “What question?”, and Paul: “Simple, what can want a waiter by you? I give the answer: nothing! Because he doesn’t know you, you are a costumer as other, and he hasn’t interest for you, because he doesn’t know whom are you, what you make, what are your secrets, and how much your finance, why?”, because you are a common costumer, but you must compensate your egocentrism, and as the every paranoic you must search the consideration of somebody, and when it there isn’t you think or imagine that somebody hates you, it is pure egocentrism”, and after the session the usual dinner. Paul for an appointment made a dinner in restaurant, and he met other psychiatric that spoke around the therapies, and he heard a voice that was very familiar, in fact he turned and he seen Mark with uniform for waiter, he gazed him and asked: “Do you want some useful information?”, and Mark: “Yes, for this I am here, for know if in the word are other paranoic”.

Alessandro Lusana                                         

 Democratic birth: USA

This assay want alone to appraise a historical truth that can deny every affirmation regard the presumable dictatorship of England in USA during the colonial period; the piece of a document in 1620, when the English landed in Virginia, and they founded Plymouth, where the lands were given to citizens, it is because more than an ideal consideration is a sake; this is that if nothing has worked the lands the economy both in Plymouth and other where, the USA be not born; anyway the text of  Filippo Mazzei(1730-1816), Enlightenment historical man that has told the history of USA, he said that stressed the possibility of vote: “The papers of council of Plymouth confirm the right of given the lands, but not govern it. In same years 1628, it obtained  other for this effect, the Company of owners could elect an governor, this was Mathieu Cradock, a vice governor Thomas Goffe…”, this step can seem absolutely petty, because today it is normal, today yes, but in 1628, it was the affirmation of democracy, certainly with limitation, as in ancient Greek, where the votes, ψηφοι, in ancient Greek, this were small stones or small ceramics white or black to approval or for negation; but although it can seems a democratic state, in Athens, where was the Areopagus, alone the males could vote and if they has made the military training; it is meaning that the possibility of vote was very short; in fact this habit is used also in birthing USA, because alone the riches owners could vote; but the step of history that we have read, certainly today unacceptable, because each citizen can vote, through the right that he has, but the selection of voting also today is present, because who hasn’t the right in other country can’t vote, today it is normal, but it is a limitation as those both Greek and English. But I want underline that the principle of democracy was already present in USA, from its birth. Hence the democracy in USA, differently of Europe, the vote was a reality; therefore the democracy was present; we must also consider that that country was very scantly peopled, thereupon the vote was very limited, because extension of vote was impossible, because evidently much citizens didn’t know it, and they would not understand the importance. The historic evolution of USA could be also on the democratic uses and thinks, because it was born so; and other consideration is that USA hasn’t a tradition, that some time can be also a weight, because can determine some choose in politic land, but the people would not approve, because it is contrary to his think and customs, and the customs are the documents of historic past; but in USA every community has brought his traditions, hence the unique tradition isn’t, for example the Italians in private spoke among them alone the dialect, their dialect, also because they didn’t known other language, hence alone that they could speak; but Italians have had their traditions, as the German, and other communities; thereupon it is a limited traditions to a number likewise limited; the Americans can underline that they have had and have a democratic tradition instead in others countries the democracy there wasn’t; they can stress that it is the better tradition, certainly today, but for future we can’t know, because we must consider that in USA it is the politic model but in other countries it isn’t, because they have others tradition. Whereby the USA could be alone democratic country, because its tradition is so out set.

Alessandro Lusana 

  

  

 

 

The neoplatonism of Origen

The Origen(185-254 b.Ch), Christian writer, may suffered was influenced from the indirect doctrine of Plato a his book Against Celsius he defends the Christian religion and doctrine, but some step is very translation of Plato: “How more evident, how more beauty these false widow of gods…”; it is can seems a step without importance, but it is a step of Plato, when he speaks about the cave and the widows, in the Republic, he tells that the some imprisoned is tide in a cave and they can look alone a wall where are projected alone widows, hence the imprisons can know alone the widows of knowledge; this myth is more famous of Plato and, evidently, Origen has had this influence, because he speaks about the widows of pagan gods; further Origen continuing his discourse: “…it is take the conviction that the word has an admirable order, and hence to worship, unique creator of a word that is unique that concords and is in harmony to itself in every parts…” it is an effect of the ideas word of Plato. Other step truly Platonic is the following: “The letter kills, and the spirit given the life, where with the letter we must consider the earth subsistence and with spirit those intellectual”. It is the typical reference to Plato because the earth things are alone a poor representation of the word of ideas. Other step: “But f we turn to Lord, where the word of God and where the Saint Spirit manifests spiritual knowledge, hence the vail that hide the eyes we can look the glory of Lord…”, it is a reference to Plato. Other step is more subtle that precedent, but likewise Platonic, regard  to description of Johannes, that has said: “John said in fact that God is light and in him isn’t dark”, and the following words of Origen are meaningful: “if we consider these words through superficially, and consider alone the literal sense…”, it is other influence from Plato, because the literal sense of Origen we can tie directly to the material word of Plato that is alone a poor reflex of the ideas word. Other step instead evidences the affinity of Origen to Empedocles, because the Christian said: “…is a fifth nature of bodies beyond the fourth elements…”, it is Empedocles and his theory about the formation of everything for junction of earth, water, fire and air. Other concept although subtly hided it the following: “God that is principle of everything, we can’t believe composed, otherwise they would be anterior to same principle the elements whose are composted everything…”, it is the Socratic logic, certainly, but Plato is in the think that the common thing that we have every day is projection from the word of ideas, that is vulgar representations of the ideas, that are material on the word; hence believe that the composition of everything is the outcome of these principles, divine principles is erred; it is the Platonic philosophy, that sees alone the material thing but no absolutely the ideal image of the word of ideas. Other step is purely Platonic: “…they(who think that the intellectual nature is accidental) want not understand the intelligence has an affinity to God, whose it is intellectual image; and for this it can know something of divine nature, above all is it is purified and separated from material nature”; it is the representation of Platonic nature of the word of ideas.

Alessandro Lusana

 

Primum sentire, deinde filosofare: Plotinus

The title is Latin and the outrages I can alone imagine, but the translation is simple, it is a small modification of an old Latin motto attributed to Thomas Hobbes, that press for the practical life, and after the intellectual busies; but in ancient times, when the philosophy was a science, Plotinus(a.Ch.204-270) has used the soul and that we, today, identify as sensations, a tool necessary to know; the origin of sensationalism, this is that philosophical address that consider the sensations necessary and uniquely instrument for knowledge; we can consider Plotinus as the first sensationalist in the history of philosophy, in the principal book of Plotinus, that it is a collection of his short texts, this is the Enneads, he gives the principal motive in philosophy of sensationalism: “Who is the owner  the passions, opinions and the thinks?”, it is rhetorical question that Plotinus answered: “Pleasures, pains, dreads, aversions and suffering who is the owner? Or to alone the soul or to soul that uses the body…”, it is the inception of sensationalism; Plotinus uses the soul, or sensation, for the knowledge, that is derived directly from sensations; but Plotinus considered as a dual participation both the mind and the soul: “The first thing, regard to soul, we must detect if other is soul or other to be of soul. If it is so the soul is mixed, and it isn’t absurd that it receives to its, and try, through the agreement of mind, those passions and receives good and wicked custom”; this step is important because allows us to identify and understand that the sensations are alone an instrument necessary to know, but the first analysis is through the mind, because Plotinus, could not consider the sensations alone to detect the goodness or wickedness of an action or think, because the sensations are personal, and various, hence he has enclosed also the mind, that is no alone a emotive analysis, but the true cold rationality, and not certainly the momentary pleasure or dislike of something. In other step repeats this concept: “It needs say that the living or is the living body or the whole of soul and body. To every case or the soul keeps itself because impassive, although it is the cause of passions, or it suffers gather to the body…”, we can consider that Plotinus considers the soul an instrument to receive sensations that after the mind must consider. The same valor to the sensation is given from Etienne Bonnot de Condillac(1714-1780), French philosopher and author of Traité des sensations, that is appraisaled, from the philosophy, as the father of sensationalism, a step is necessary: “Let us consider a man at the first moment of his existence. His soul first has different sensations, such as light, colors, pain, pleasure, motion, rest those are his first thoughts.”, we can consider that it is alone Plotinus translated in French language, that Condillac could translate, very easy, because he known the ancient Greek, hence he has took Plotinus and has reused for to found the Sensationalism; the actual philosophical critic doesn’t consider the contribute of Plotinus to Sensationalism, why? I not clue, may somebody is going to write a book of the lacks of philosophical critic, but I think that duty could ask an army of philosophers, therefore this duty here is begun and here is ended. Anyway more clear is the following words of Condillac: “Let us follow him in the moments when he begins to reflect on what the sensations occasion in him, and we shall end that he forms ideas of the different operations of his soul, such as perceiving and imagining those are his second thoughts. Thus, according to the manner in which external objects affect us, we receive different ideas via the senses, and, further, as we reflect on the operations which the sensations occasion in our soul, we acquire all the ideas which we would not have been able to receive from external objects.”; I want not outrage the French, but it is the Plotinus with French citizen; the concepts are similar or superimposable, The following words are further superimposable to the dynamic process to understand, that Plotinus has unified between mind and soul: “Thus the sensations and operations of the soul are the materials of all our knowledge, materials that are employed by reflection as it explores the relations they contain by making combinations of them.”, It is same process of Plotinus, that we have read above, above all in the words: “…the relations they contain by making combinations of them.”, it is a mention of Plotinus. After these resumptions, some fail is, because the sensation that isn’t rationalizable, because tied to irrationality of feel   : “Let us conclude that there are no ideas that have not been acquired: the first

come directly from the senses, the others from experience and increase in proportion to the capacity for reflection.”, it is fall because the source of knowledge we can recognize perfectly, today as the then, whereby it is a wrong think.

 Alessandro Lusana   

 Speculative tales: Confucius

We have at last heard the name of Confucius(551-479 b. Ch.), that has given teaches in a period of China when the moral decadence was dominant; his teachings are mots that, always, took the elementary logic of speculation, and they are obvious but he wanted given the analysis of reality. Some example: one of primaries maxims: “I don’t dislike because everybody knows me but I worry because I don’t know the men”, in fact it is true because when we think that we know a person, also a friend, during time we recognize that of this friend we known very scant; but because we don’t know the human gender and his behavior in particular context. Other maxim is: “Who governs through the virtues is comparable to the polar star, that is immobile while the others come around”, Confucius known certainly, that the stars are immobile, but with this maxim he has wanted give an example of good govern; but he hasn’t considered that he could have given also a maxim about the pimps that usually are around the power men; a little advisement, type: “It is advisement: the execution immediately for the pimps”. Other maxim that we can apply to speculation of political man: “You must see what a man makes, look the motives that move him and look that he like. What can he hide to you?”; it is the truth because you can know perfectly what he likes, hence he difficulty could hide something. Other: “The acknowledge isn’t a tool that is set for a alone motive”, in fact when Socrates advised his pupils, although he didn’t consider herself a master, of attend the wises because from them was possible know, and it is a duty of wise, to given advisement and teaching. A pupil of Confucius asked about the wise, and Confucius answered: “Before he become his words, and these are consequent to his actions”; it is a lesson that millions of persons should follow, because speak about of something is very easy, but make that is alone verbal concept is very coherent and it is the immense difficult. Always around the wise: “The wise is universal and no particular, the vulgar man is particular  and no universal”; it is true but to be universal is otherwise to be abstract, because nothing teaching is universal, because we live in this word, therefore we must be particular. Other truth: To study without meditation is useless, and meditate without to study is danger”, in fact we risk to infer something that is very mistake. And an motto that seems Socratic: “Yu do you want know what is the knowledge? It is that that you know say that you know, but what you didn’t know you must say that you don’t know, it is the knowledge”, Socrates was usual to say: “I known that I don’t know”. Other note: “Lin Fan asked what is the essence of rites…and Confucius answered: “In the ceremonies of holiday the sobriety is preferable to prodigality, in the funeral ceremonies the heartfelt dolor is preferable than to external acts”, it is the preference of sincerity than hypocrisy.

Alessandro Lusana 

 

The hierarchy of grammar

The semiotic of grammar there isn’t, but it isn’t an essay about the semiotic or grammar, because the pain in the neck would be superhuman instead a charge to Aja court would be sure, and right; hence I want alone consider the semiotic regard the grammar, but not certainly the meaningful of words, that is from centuries, but the semiotic valor, the important in hierarchy; every word in a concept or discourse are necessary, otherwise a discourse without a subject and verb is useless; but we can, I repeat, we can, no must absolutely, we can appraisal the relevance of some form in the discourse, that it is written, oral or though, for example we can consider the Latin language necessary to understand this concept: the verb, every verb in Latin language is fundamental, because it is more important size of discourse, because without the verb, the discourse isn’t, but the verb, at last in Latin and Italian, that is a modern Latin, the verb allows to identify the subject, because the persons of verbal declination are different, instead in English language the subject is necessary, because every, or almost every person of declination is equal; hence in English important  is the verb certainly, but equal importance has also the subject, that in Italian is secondary, because in English to say: “I make” has sense, but: “make” alone the first question is: “who?”, therefore the importance of verb is equal to subject, because both are necessary to understandable of proposition, in French language, the oral communication the pronounce is very similar hence the subject is necessary always, because the subject can be confused; the similarity of pronounce is a affinity to English language, also because the French is a language that has certainly took from Latin but not how the Italian and Spanish, that as Italian can excludes the subject; it is because the Spanish is the second Neo Latin language, in Europe, that is derivation directly from the Latin, in fact the grammar Italian and Spanish and almost every word is equal, for the German the same way for French and English, the subject is fundamental. This essay want represent the hierarchy in the discourse, and the differences present in different languages; the hierarchy is present in human gender and also in what the human gender bring always, this is the word; in fact the rhetoric is important every specific size of discourse, because it must be persuasive, thereupon every word is important, the logic is fundamental but also the adjective or pronoun or the adverb is fundamental , because the sake is persuasion; if a politic man pronounces a discourse without the right emphasis, right verb and right conviction he would to blow a raspberry; in discourse also private these are essential size of discourse, that have a hierarchy, and from it nobody can apart. But also in grammar is importance and less importance.

Alessandro Lusana

                

 

The human evolution of travel: Montaigne and Goethe

The evolution of title is referenced to two travels in Italy of two different persons, this is Michel de Montaigne(1533-1592) and Johan Wolfgang Goethe(1749-1832), that during different centuries visited the Italy, at last to the principal cities, and they registered their description, very boring; the evolution means the capacity of these two writers of to pick the imagines and episodes in every city, and it attests also the evolution of man during centuries and the evolution of sensibility; certainly we must consider that the difference between the writers, but we must also consider that both were wise humanistic, but we must also consider that the cities visited were changed during centuries. Montaigne anyway is the first that we consider, the first stopping place is in Meaux near Paris, on the river Marl, and the description of city is sufficiently long: “The Meaux that is small city on the Marl is formed from three parts, the city and suburb are on the left of river, toward Paris, and beyond the bridges is other suburb called merchant …where is great quantity of residents and houses.”; but the morality of Catholic French emerges from the following words: “Once upon this city was fortified with very strong walls and towers; but during our complots of Huguenot , since that the major part of residents was adherent to this party, the fortifications were destroyed…”; this second plot occurred in year 1567, when during the visit of Charles 9^th , king of French, the Huguenots tried to kidnap the king. Continuing the description, Montaigne says: “This part of the city bore the assault of English, when the city was already failed…”, this assault occurred in 1421 during the war of hundred years, and the siege there was between October 1421 and May 1422. These information are certainly gone to Montaigne from some pride citizen of Meaux, and I can say it and I can infer it from my personal experience, during 17 years of job of guide; every citizen of a small city is always pride of some heroic episode inherent to his city, it is the parochialism and stop, anyway Montaigne continued: “…and for award every resident is free from taxes”, and the my opinion s above mentioned, is supported from the followings words: “In middle of Marl they indicate a long island, that they say it was a knight thrown in the river from the English for destroyed the suburb of Merchant”, this knight was a machine for siege necessary to destroyed the walls of defense; but the popular fantasy, after centuries, has mythicized this episode and transformed it through a mythical version. And this wit continues for two tombs, certainly Medieval, because the Montaigne’s description suggests it: “Among the things there is a ancient tomb and venerable  with image of two knights laid…they think that they are the corps of Danish Ogiery and other knight…”; after this description Montaigne visited a religious Justin Terrelle, and he has believed to everything that this religious has said, because in conformity of narration of Montaigne, he was a very wise in French, and he has been in Egypt and Jerusalem and he has lived for seventh years in Constantinople, and Montaigne indicated also the age of this religious, 60 years old; Montaigne written his travel to Italy during 1580-1581, it is means that this religious lived in Constantinople and he was sent there for to buy Greek books. From Meaux to Charly and after Dormans, and from Espreney the narration is boring because nothing of interesting is. For Goethe that has travelled to Italy for two years, 1786-1788, other impressions and other places, it is normal, but the evolution of title is in the notations that Goethe in other time, in confront of Montaigne, he specified, and it is document of other writer but also of other time, other sensibility, it is the evolution, in Rovereto, Italian city in North Italy, where the first impression of Goethe is for the language: “There I am in Rovereto where the language is changed suddenly, toward North is again between the Dutch and Italian…and the hotelier he doesn’t speak Dutch: and myself must try the my knowledge of language. But I am very happy that this language , that I love, is hereupon the live language used from everybody”; sincerely I didn’t understand because Goethe was so happy, but we must consider that Goethe has been so happy, may for the sincerely and informal character of Italian, may was the human warm that made him happy, very different from the formal context of high classes, and it is confirmed from the words: “…used from everybody…”, because this pronoun, everybody, means that he could have the human contact to other citizens, hence the human contacts could be grown; I think it because the formal context I have known and during time of Goethe it was the rule. Other town is Torbole, a small town but evidently has arouse enthusiasm Goethe, because he says: “I would that my friends were here for a moment with me, for joy of sight that I have in front now! This night I could to be to Verona, but among scant steps there was this majesty lake of Garda, and I wanted not renounce to it”. Evidently this landscape has very liked to Goethe, because he has even drown it, or he has tried it; but we can infer that the education of highest classes ordered that the children learned also the drawing. Other note that today is very strange is that: “…the first is that the doors haven’t locks,…the hotelier assured me that, if I have diamonds”, and regard the Italian nature, Goethe self has stressed it: “The hotelier has announced me through Italian emphasis that he would be happy to server to me a trout…”, certainly low episodes that haven’t nothing that can interest, but we can infer that the Italian character has arouse enthusiasm Goethe. The evolution is both human and cultural; through these episodes we can understand that the reactions of stranger face to some ruins of landscape, and we can find both some behavior very near to us and also customs that are very distant, and that are determined from the different times, form episodes very irrelevant in Montaigne and some episode more amusing in Goethe, the human gender is changed but very short.

Alessandro Lusana