The nascent States

The birth of States in USA is summary descripted from Philip Mazzei (1730-1816) he begun with the Connecticut, he says, but I want also stress that the merchant of colonies was well present, and it is motive of the end of “revolution”, because the England needed alone the harbors: “A colony of Connecticut have to his origin to Massachusetts for the same motives of Rhode Island and his birth is same of epoch . During the year 1636 a great number of persons, disliked above all for religion, they quit, with their ministers Newtown, Dorchester,Watertown and Rocksbury, and they come and stopped on the bank of river Connecticuct, where they founded the cities of Hartford , Watersfîeld, Windfor, Springfield , and Ceux, and they were met out of borderline of Massachussets and they will meet in Hartford, and they agree about the way for the govern, and they will voted the judges. The year after some emigrant from England made the same thing in New Haven, that they founded on the bank opposite of Long Island. The two small colonies of Hartford de New Heaven continued to be governed separately, until they were reunited with the name of colonies of Connecticut, fo0r the document of Charles 2th in 23th April 1662. Around the foundation of New Hampshire. Among the big names of taxes on the merchant of captain Mason had reached among the different times from the assembly of Plymouth, and that are the source of eternal process, he has reached one in year 1629, and that he given to whole state of New Hampshire, and today is valid, and a part of near colonies near. An other name both his and that of Ferdinand Gorges agreed for a part of country given before. The 19^th August 1635 Charles given a paper to mason for gratification for the same country enclosed of 1627, and more to him he given the right of govern and bestow the honors…”. About de foundation of Maryland. The Lord Baltimore Se Guillaume Penn, founders of colony of Maryland and Pennsylvania were the first that reached the papers that the king of England given. Among who is passed from England to colonies for the religion cause, the knight George Calvert and the secretary of State, after Lord Baltimore. During the end of reign of James 1th he come to Virginia with somebody of different sects, that have had the same motive for exile. They being the zealous Catholic, but they were bad received for the adherence to Anglican religion, hence he turned to England, for asked to Charles 1th a paper through he can extent the Virginia state beyond the Potomac river, borderline that the residents haven’t crossed…this paper is dated 1632…The residents of Virginia protested again the dissolution of their territory, but they could not to avoid it. Lord Baltimore called his country Maryland to honor of Mary, marriage of Charles 1th, and he called to govern Léonard Calvert, his brother, Jeremy  Hawley and Thomas Cornwallis…During the civil war in England(1642-1649), Oliver Cromwell(1599-1658) got away to Lord Baltimore of his jurisdiction, and after Charles 2th given back it…”, and after with successor of Charles 2th got away again this power alone for religious motives, this power he took again during the reign of William 3th d’Orange(1650-1702), but a limit there was, this is that he must be the represent of a Protestant govern”. The important question is that the States by now freely nascent, and the real court of England was very tolerant toward the religion, and with William d’Orange it is more evident, because the politic sake overcomes that religious, and the symbolic act is a side of submission to king of England: “The kings wanted set new clauses on the papers that attests to their favor the right of reign and domain. For the example that to de Baltimore confirmed the oblige that every year have to give two arrows of Indian to the castle of Windsor”, it is could seem a cock up because a country that have had the fire weapons why needs of Indian arrows? Simple, absolutely nothing, but the homage was important because it attested the predominance of royal power also in the new word, it was alone a formal gift, that given to d’Orange the possibility of substitute de Baltimore with other if this homage there wasn’t, but evidently the motives for substitution of de Baltimore would have been other if he has been a very bad governor, but he was a very good governor, hence the formal homage was necessary to ascertain his fidelity to laic crow and no to religion. Mazzei as enlightenment took a principle of solidarity between the States, that then aren’t so, but he has stressed this moment: “The people made quick progresses in Maryland for some good motives. The Virgine given the food to emigrants until they took alone the necessary. The borderline toward the Indians were very narrow, and to residents in Maryland it wasn’t difficult kept the peace to them”. The history of States would be long and boring, also because without interest, but I want evidence that the England was interested alone the power of commerce. And after the “revolution” unique interest of England was alone it.

 Alessandro Lusana

 

 The birth of a nation

The title is equivalent of a movie of 1915, but this essay isn’t a parody or an reclaim to the movie, but a historical truth, because the following document is the birth of a nation, of USA nation, because from the last words of: “…our fathers fought, bled and died, and to hand them down entire to future generations.”, these last words, “future generations”, is the more meaningful, because the delegates, this is the names of represents of different states, that we can call provinces because this is the name used, have already decided the revolution, without an official declaration of war, but in the think the revolution and independence was a reality, hence the revolution or independence was present and consolidated, anyway the document says: “The represents were present in session of assembly and their name was Delegates, as says a session of Congress of September 1774, when: “The Delegates from the Province of Massachusetts-Bay, agreeable to a request…WHEREAS the Power but not the justice, the vengeance but not the Wisdom oi. Great- Britain, which of old persecuted, scourged, and exiled our fugitive Parents from their native shores, now pursues us their guiltless children with unrelenting severity: And whereas this, then savage and uncultivated desert, was purchased by the toil and treasure, or acquired by the blood and valor of those our venerable Progenitors ; to us they bequeathed the dear bought Inheritance, to our care and protection they consigned it, and the most sacred Obligations are upon| us to transmit the glorious purchase, unsettered by power, undogged with shackles, to our innocent and beloved of spring. On the Fortitude, on the wisdom and on the Exertions of this important Day, is suspended the Fate of this new world, and of unborn millions. If boundless extent of Continent, swarming with millions, will tamely submit to live, move and have their being at the arbitrary Will of a licentious Minister, they basely yield to voluntary Slavery, and future Generations shall load their .Memories with incessant Execrations.—On the other Hand, if we arrest the Hand which would ransack our Pockets, if we disarm the parricide which points the dagger to our bosoms, if we nobly defeat that fatal Edict which proclaims a power to frame Laws for us in all Cafes whatsoever, thereby entailing the endless and numberless curses of Slavery upon us, our heirs and their heirs so ever ; if we successfully resist that unparalleled usurpation of unconstitutional power whereby our Capital is robbed of the means of life ; whereby the streets of Boston are thronged with military- executioners ; whereby our coasts are lined and harbors crouded with ships of war; whereby the charter of the colony, that sacred Barrier again the encroachments of tyranny, is mutilated and in effect annihilated ; whereby a murderous Law is framed to shelter villains from the hands of justice; whereby the unalienable and inestimable inheritance, which we derived from Nature, the constitution of Britain, and the privileges warranted to us in the Charter of the Province, is totally wrecked, annulled, and vacated, posterity will acknowledge that Virtue which preserved them free and happy ; and while we enjoy the Rewards and blessings of the faithful, the torrent of panegyrists will roll our reputations to that latest Period, when the streams of time shall be absorbed in the abyss of Eternity. Therefore we have resolved, and do resolve, That whereas his majesty George the Third is the rightful successor to the throne of Great-Britain, and justly entitled to the Allegiance of the British realm, and agreeable to compact, of the English colonies in America—therefore, we the Heirs and successors of the first planters of this colony do cheerfully acknowledge the said George the third to be our rightful Sovereign, and that said covenant is the tenure and claim on which are founded our allegiance and submission. That it is an indispensable duty which we owe to God, our country, ourselves and posterity, by all lawful ways and means in our power to maintain, defend and preserve those civil and religious rights and liberties, for which many of our fathers fought, bled and died, and to hand them down entire to future generations.”.

Alessandro Lusana

 

Spelunca: the wickedness of Christianism

A step of Eneides a book of Virgil(70-19 b. Ch.), a national, or better an imperial poem written in the Rome for the August celebration, this the imperator August celebration, through the mythical origin of imperial family, directly from Aeneas to Cesar, Virgil tells of a cavern that Aeneas uses for to arrive to Hade, this is the reign of died, and the katabasis of title is, translated from ancient Greek κατάβασις, as the descent to somewhere, Virgil says: “Spelunca alta fuit”, and these words, that translated are “the profound cavern”, and that a anonymous commentator of Divine comedy of Dante Alighieri(1265-1321) took and he explained: “…and for this cavern says Aeneas and the Sybil they are descended to hell”; the origin of descend of Dante, by now is identified as from this poem, this is the Eneides, in fact was Virgil that in Hell and Purgatory accomplishes Dante, but I want identify the different think that characterized the rapport of the death of Pagan and Christian word, because Dante described the punishments that the damned endure for eternity, and the condition of Hade where that was inaccessible to life, and the souls have to pass beyond the rivers Styx and Acheron, the god that governed the Hade was the homonym god, that wasn’t bad, right and stern but not bad, Hade was also brother of Zeus and Poseidon, and after the victory on the titanic fight to him was destined the Hade, the figure of Charon the ferryman of Hade is same in Comedy, as the grassland of Asphodels where was souls that during their life aren’t neither bad and good, that Dante has used for the place in before Hell where are souls that the souls with same characteristic, and the difference is for the Champs Elise, a land where were the right souls of heroes and right men; this difference evidences more than other the difference, because the Christianism has divided three reigns for the grade of sins, instead in Pagan culture the sin wasn’t, in fact the unique sin was the cowardice, that in Hade was punished in a word obscure and dingy, instead the heroes are in the lighted land and in beatitude, but it is other substantial difference between Pagan and Christian believe, because in the Hade weren’t the punishments, because the concept of sin wasn’t, that after the Christianism has took, and condemned, for example the homosexuality, in fact Dante condemns Brunetto Latini(1220-1294) in hell because he is homosexual; as the condemn of Paul and Francesca, two brothers in law that have felt a sentiment that is beyond the simple affect, hence Dante set them among the luxurious sinner. It is a short portrait of the stiffness of Christianism, that Dante has took and translated in Divine comedy, but it is also a mirror of morality and customs that, during the centuries, have solidified, and these literary document are the major proof of think around the moral daily, and some exception is also in Middle age because the usury wasn’t condemned so sternly, because the morality, for the quantity, didn’t condemned it, and neither Dante, whose the father used this technic.

Alessandro Lusana       

 

                   

   

 

 

e pluribus unum: common fate

A common fate is rational if two elements have same fate, hence who are two entities, simple the Roma empire and USA, that to common have alone some characteristic, but that is important to understand the same human and politic behavior, the motto “e pluribus unum”, this is from much one alone, that is written on the American dollars is three Latin words that have a mean very important, and it is the first important motive of this assay; because the Roman empire, with distinctions both historic and economic tie these two historical phenomenon, the first, the Roman empire wasn’t a country, but during its beginning it was a village, that after is become Rome, but the extension of Rome in the Latium, involves other villages, no certainly peoples, that then are distinct for name and race, but race then was a concept very different by today, with race meant the belong to other village, other family, because the racial differences then wasn’t known, because the village were crowd by white people. Anyway some common habit unify these two geographical and human entities; it is can seems very strange, since the differences for the language, and for time, but if we think around some point, we find affinities; the extension of Roman empire, certainly was the duple of actual USA, but although the USA is more small than Roman empire, it has common things, the question is, what? Simple the first is the tolerance toward the religion, that Rome respected always, because remove a religion is worse that impose a new law, and Rome it known perfectly, therefore every people can kept its religion, inclusive the Christian, the persecution is alone a exaggerated historical tell; the Christin then were so scant that they not represented a danger. A document on 17 June 1774 form House of Represent of USA asks: “Rights and Liberties, civil and religious”, because the being born country has had same awareness that the religion was an identity for the human gender, hence this point nobody could not deny; in fact today in  USA the religions are different and tolerated all; second the political opinions that are different today, both between the principal parties and other, in ancient Rome same behavior, the civil war during the first century b.Ch. is example, but this war occurred alone in Rome, because the whole empire was absolutely pacific; also because the news around this war has had alone in Rome, because out nobody known something; in fact the source principal for this war is Caesar and his De bello civili, this is Around the civil war, I think that whole generations of resident in Roman empire both before and after this war have lived without know something.  It isn’t equality element, because the civil wars are frequent in much countries, whereby we can’t consider it, but we can, or better, we must consider the racial difference that Rome known after the conquest of North Africa, that Rome enclosed without racism, because Rome considered alone the personal qualities and no the racial belong; today the same behavior is used in USA, the personal qualities are valued, without racial belong or religion, and Rome made the same; hence the common destiny that has unified two entities.

Alessandro Lusana         

        

 

The wit of a revolution

I want alone consider that the wit of presume American revolution, that isn’t was, certainly, and I can proof it through the words of Congress, that then was alone an poor assembly, but an organ necessary to decision, where the English hasn’t had represents; anyway the words used in the House of Representatives are very meaningful: “Province Massachusetts-Bay. The House of Representatives, June 17, 1774.This House having duly considered and being deeply affected with the unhappy differences, which have long subsisted and are increasing, between Great-Britain and the American Colonies, do resolve: That a Meeting of Committees from the several Colonies on this Continent, is highly expedient and necessary, to consult upon the present State of the Colonies, and the miseries to which they are and must be reduced by the operation of certain Acts of Parliament respecting America, and to deliberate and determine upon wife and proper Measures to be by them recommended to all the Colonies, for the recovery and establishment of their just Rights and Liberties, civil and religious, and the restoration of Union and Harmony between Great-Britain and the Colonies, most ardently desired by all good men.”; this long step of The House of Representatives, in date 1774, because the year is very important, why? Simple, because it is anticipates the American revolution, hence the revolution was already ready, but not certainly armed, but a lone civil and religious, as is underlined; but in wit the revolution was occurred, because the feel of independence was already present, and the distance from England was very too for to impose a dictatorial govern in Colonies; substantive that is used also in step mentioned; it is ulterior proof that the young nation hasn’t shame to called them so, why? Simple because they were already independent in policy and economy, therefore the decision of king George 3th were may assumed for a decision that were followed if it was opportune to the being born country; and that the independence was a date already present in USA is confirmed form the motives that in 1774 are evidenced: “Rights and Liberties, civil and religious”, but the colonies can’t have the rights, they must obey to mother country and stop, the request of freedom both civil and religious is a request very strange, because the colonies must be depending by other nation that decides also to them; but this question was already overcame from the American citizens, because they were already free, hence we can also think that this demand was an false motive to reach the independence, and it was so, why? Simple because for England was impossible checked is somebody was Catholic or Protestant, and I think that to England didn’t to cure of religion, because important for England were the harbors, and no certainly the civil rights, the market leaves something from the religion, Vespasian Roman imperator(9-79 b.Ch), has asked rhetorical to his son if the money stunk,  after that he has taxed the bathrooms, the provenience of money isn’t important, because important is the arrive; hence the England was already to the independence, because it was present; otherwise if the colonies were very rich the England have used other politic system.

Alessandro Lusana         

 

 

A philosophic lesson

Richard, an estimated professor of philosophy entered to class and much students were seated and they spoke one other; he tried attracted their attention, but they were busied in fond discussions, and sometime somebody got up and: “Fuck you and your Academia”, and Richard called him to order and good politeness, but he: “Who are you?”, and Richard: “I am the professor, and I want began the lesson, hence you must seat or off with you”, and he, a man bearded and old, gazed Richard and: “Are you the professor?”, and Richard: “Yes, I am here, why do you…”, but the man cut off: “If you are the professor, what is the syllogism?”, and Richard: “it is the clarification…”, and the man cutoff again, but now Richard: “Shut up, and stop, you are the pain in the neck; therefore you must be shut”; the man gazed him and he hinted a smile, and Richard: “The syllogism is a clarification, very simple, that Aristotle used to exemplify the scientific search”, and the man: “Very good”, and other student: “The search more human rather than scientific was begun Socrates”, and Richard: “Yes, Socrates, you have rightly judged, begun that human search no that scientific, because Socrates wasn’t a scientific man, or…”, the student cut off him: “The man is science or no?”, and Richard, that didn’t endure that somebody cut off somebody: “Can I speak?”, and the student: “You must alone tell if the man is scientific argument or no”, and Richard gazing the student: “It is motive for your capital condemn in Athens in 399 b.Ch., the hemlock was good or no?”, and student: “You haven’t answered to me, regard to hemlock, I asked also if I could drink other, but the judges denied it”, Richard hinted a smile and with tears on the eyes spoke: “Excuse me, dear Socrates, I don’t bear when somebody cut off me hence my answer is so sharp and wicked because…”, Richard cut off herself, and Socrates asked again: “The man is scientific argument or no?”, and Richard: “I don’t think”, and Socrates: “Use the logic, my logic, that I have used and I have created difficulties to my interlocutors”, and Richard an example, please, and Socrates: “The man isn’t science, it’s right?”, and Richard: “Yes”, and Socrates: “Why in ancient Egypt the surgery was so advanced?”, and Richard: “Because the religious motive ordered that the embalmment”, and Socrates: “The pharaoh were human of gods?”, and Richard: “They were human certainly, considered divinity but they were human”, and Socrates: “Thereupon the surgeries embalmed men and no gods”, and Richard: “It is certain”, and Socrates: “Whereby the man is science, anatomic science, medical science, or not?” and Richard: “Yes, but you have detected the man in deep, in logic, in rationality, and it isn’t science, but alone the correction of mistakes, as you are making now to me”, and Socrates: “It’s right, but you have said that I have detected the man in deep, or I have mistaken?”, and Richard: “No absolutely, it is the mean”, and Socrates: “therefore I am more scientific than surgical”, and Richard laughed and: “Why?”, and Socrates while he is smiling: “The logic dear Richard, the logic”, and Richard: “Yes but I don’t find the logic that you has used, excuse me but it is very difficult, anyway explain to me it, please”, and Socrates: “What cures the surgery?”, and Richard: “The harms of war or hunt”, and Socrates: “How much time is necessary to recover for a hurt”, and Richard: “Sometime or never if the hurt is very serious, but if it is light alone sometime”, and Socrates: “How much time is necessary to man to recover by the stupidity?”, and Richard gazed Socrates: “A stupid is always so, he doesn’t recovers”; and Socrates: “Why?”, and Richard: “Because he is stupid, naive or other”, and Socrates: “If  to him somebody tells the new method for doesn’t stupid? What do you think, he is going to recover or no?”, and Richard: “Certainly he is going not to be stupid”, and Socrates: “The surgery is stupid?”, and Richard: “No, because he recovers and he knows perfectly what he must make”, and Socrates: “may has taught somebody to him what he must make?”, and Richard: “Yes!”, and Socrates: “Hence he has learned through the experience and through the study”, and Richard: “Certainly”, and Socrates: “He has learned to use of instruments for to rescue a life”, and Richard: “Yes! It is so”, and Socrates. “therefore I am more scientific than a surgeon”, and Richard: “Why? It is the second time that you say it but the demonstration where is?”, and Socrates: “Simple, I cure the deepest of man, this is the stupidity, because I teach the logic, that is the better cure against the stupidity”, and Richard: “I doing not understand”, and Socrates: “I explain: I am more scientific because I cure the side deepest of man, this is the brain, that surgeon can’t cure, some time ago you have said that the man isn’t scientific matter, and I have asked how the ancient Egyptian used the embalmment, and you have answered for religious motives, yes, certainly, but if the man isn’t matter of science, why they were attentive to conservation of corps and how they made? You rightly have answered for religious motive; certainly but they, as the surgeon, have to know the corps and the cures; hence the man is a matter of science”, and Richard. “Yes, it is, why are you more scientific than surgeon”, and Socrates: “Simple because don’t cut the corps but I enter in the brain without hurt, or better, I hurt very deeply because after the cure the man is changed and he has made violence to herself, but he is recovered; thereby I hurt more deep that surgeon, because the man is matter of science, therefore you must think in conformity of logic what you are saying, and preview probable objections, these you must preview, and after when your think is logic, you are going to can speak”, other student: “Richard leave it, I can advise you, because I have been his pupil”, and Richard: “What your name?”, and the student. “Plato”, and Richard again to other student: “What is your name?”, and the student: “Xenophon and he”, indicating other student: “Is Aristotle, and he Epicurus and…”, suddenly a voice: “Stop, it is perfect”, and Richard: “I think that Aristotle must say more something than that he said”, and the director: “You think truly that you are a professor?”, and Richard: “No! I am alone an actor” and the director: “Why are you here?”, and Richard: “Because my talent agent has called me to an interpretation, and the public there is hence we have interpreted very goodly our roles”, and the director: “They are the readers; you and other are necessary; anyway you must continue”, and in fact the lesson continued.

Alessandro Lusana   

 

The indirect psychological speculation of Montaigne

Michel de Montaigne(1533-1592), was an French intellectual that has had an importance very relevant during his time, I must confess that the read of a his book, The title has adjective “indirect” because Montaigne has read what is written; hence the analysis of French intellectual is indirect.Travel in Italy is very boring, because he has described, very summarily, the cities both Italian, German and French; anyway for the firsts pages of The essays some interesting notes is, for example for description of human nature he has used two episodes of fight of Edward 1th prince of Galls and Scanderbeg 3th prince of Epirus, and he describes, trough the Aristotelian method, this speculative, the human nature: “The common method for to soften the heart of who we have offended, when they can revenge of us is move them to compassion and pity through the submission Edward 1th prince of Galls…was seriously offended by Limosini, and he have took their city, and he didn’t stop by cried of people of massacres, but the prayers of women, that asked the pity, but three men that very courageously gone face him. The respect to so valor mitigated the angry of prince. He begun by these three to given grace to all the resident. Scanderbeg third, this George Castriota(1403-1468), prince of Albany, pursued a soldier to kill him and when he seen him that has the sword, and he was ready to face him, but after that the soldier tried mitigated him uselessly the same took the sword; this courage broken the angry of Scanderbeg and he given the grace…” Montaigne brought other examples that here we can’t read, because the explication of these behaviors is important; the pity shown for these princes is typical behavior of human nature, or better, the weakness of human gender, because these reaction is truly the submission that the hostile want, Priam, king of Try, kissed the hand of Achilles for reached the corpse of Hector, the submission gives the illusion of victory, and of strong for whom has the homage. And the analysis of Montaigne that sometime can seems superficial instead reached the peak for description of an episode of Alexander the Great that ordered the torture of a prison, Betis took in Gaza, that he made to torture and to kill, but this choice of Alexander, as hinted by Montaigne, was determined by envy: “Or Alexander estimated Beti so much in so greatness that for his presence he didn’t endured that other has had so quality, without dislike of feel of envy”; it is the speculative method of Montaigne, that as the cities that he has visited, he describes now the human behavior and feel that are organic to human gender. This episode tells also a strategic and cruel choice of Alexander in the same city of Thebes, because Alexander killed sex thousand enemies soldiers; it is the useless cruel, we can judge so this episode, but we must also consider that Alexander was the conqueror of Thebes, and conceded the life to so bold soldiers was very danger, hence the massacre was necessary, above all the soldiers didn’t scared by the death, therefore they would have be enemies very danger. Interesting for the conjunction to Socrates is the words of Plato, that Montaigne translated: “Make the your cures and know yourself”, it is Socrates. Anyway Montagne among episodes of classical fights and modern history describes the human gender. The psychological argument is for description of psychological reaction of man, that Montaigne took from ancient literature, in fact he mentioned Plutarch: “Plutarch says by the way about who loves the monks or small dogs, that the lover side that is in us, when an these objects lack rather than to be inactive it creates something ephemeral and false”; it is natural reaction of human gender, that we can know as fetishism, it is alone an process of assimilation.      

 

 

Alessandro Lusana