Middle economy: John Maynard Keynes

John Maynard Keynes(1883-1946)economist man of past century is also the half man in economy, he is the author of The general theory of employment, interest and money, published in 1936, and the year is important and his nation, this is  the England, hence in Europe; why? Simple because in Europe the presence of the State both in policy and in economy was considered fundamental; in a land as the England where the State was certainly secondary, because the liberalism was dominant, he would have to leave it, but on contrary he suggests that the State must work so that the aggregate demand, in his book he isn’t against one theory or other, but in this context use twice the theories, this is on side he took the liberalism and other the socialism, he has refused both one and other in radical vision and univocal interpretation and the proof is in this step: “The socialism of Marx must be a charming for the historical men of think; how it has been the a theory so illogic and stupid can given an influence so radical…”, it is the consideration certainly against Marx, but also against the liberalism assumed as the supreme law: “It isn’t truth that is ordered a rule fro the natural freedom for the economical activities of men. It isn’t nothing pact or contract that bestows the perpetual rights fro whom own or buy. The world isn’t govern from high so that the private and public interest are coincident… It isn’t right fro the economy principles that the egoistic interest lighted works for the public interest.”. We can consider that fortunately Keynes has left the liberal and socialist theory that has solved everything through their theories; Keynes is in the half he isn’t the right or left of economy, but rationally he sees the effects of these theories and he searches the solution for to redress the harms. Other step confirms the precedent step: “The egoistic interest is generally lighted: often the men that work so that they can cure their interest, they are too much ignorant or too much weak for to reach these sakes.”, and the truth is in a substantive used from Keynes: “The experience doesn’t show that the men when they work social unity, they are less attentive than they work for themselves.”. The right comment is it is evident, but I want stress that Keynes mentioned the experience, that the economist seems have left, because the theory is sufficient, instead Keynes uses the experience. The following step is the enunciation of theory of Keynes: “We can’t solve this matter on the abstract fundament, but we must consider the merits of Edmund Burke(1729-1797) called: “One more beauty in law, this is determined that the State should take for the led better and what it should leaves, and with minimal interference to private activities…”; it is the theory of Keynes this is to stay in half this is to take from the principal theories, the liberalism and socialism and consider, in reality and not alone in theory, the way better. The explication of Keynes of his theory is simple and rational: “I believe that in much cases the ideal dimensions for the unity of control and organization is in an intermediary point between the man and the State.” It is the reality that Keynes has translated, this is for a ideological vision the man must have the freedoms but to other side the State must be present. The direct or indirect influence of policy, during the years thirteen in Europe is evident in summary explication of the organs of State: “I consider that the progress is in the develop and recognize of organs half autonomous in the State: those organs would have alone the way of action, in their field, the public good and for their issues is excluded the private interest…”; Keynes inasmuch thinks to the State as the leader but without dominance…These organs in daily of affairs would be autonomy among their limitations, but they are also subject to sovereignty of democracy that is expressed from the parliament…”; it is the union between the private and public whereby in half.

 

Alessandro Lusana 

 

 

 

A descriptor of laws: Montesquieu 7 marzo 1749

The spirit of laws of Charles de Secondat baron of Montesquieu(1689-1755) is a description of the deep sense of laws, and a step is very correspondent to this description: “It is better say that the govern more conform to nature is that whose natural disposition is to harmony to disposition of people that has issued this govern”; I have wanted report this step because it is the natural and logic representation of policy, that when has lost this alliance the law is useless, the French revolution is the clear representation, the govern not lost this alliance to people, because the govern of French has never a rapport to the people, hence the revolution has been the final result. Other step: “generally the law id the human intelligence because it govern every people on the earth, and the laws both politic and civil of every nation are alone that particular cases to the human intelligence is applied”; it is a like mirror to title, because Montesquieu is a descriptor of law, because the law is stemmed from the human intelligence and every nation has  owner laws because has other spirit, for example: Sparta was a military republic where the military life was the fundament of the State, Athens was instead a democracy and was composed from soldiers, poets, philosophers, political men and other, and has had other constitution, hence Athens has had other laws and constitution because in Athens was other spirit.

And the concept of spirit is stressed from the author also in following step: “The laws must be very adapted to the people to they are issued, that is a rare case the others laws are fit for the other…”; it is the supreme confession of a human nature of laws, that has been made by human an alone to human they are assigned, but a humankind that is differing in fact Montesquieu adds: “…that is a rare case the others laws are fit for the other”, because every people has own spirit. The same concept is expressed after in the following words: “These laws must be fit to physical character of country, to its clime…to the king of life of people that are resident, that they are grangers, hunts or shepherds, they must be able to council the level of freedom that the constitution is able to bear, to the religion of residents, their character, their richness , their number, their commerce, customs, habit…”; it is simply normal, but alone Montesquieu has said it.

Alessandro Lusana

 Indirect influence: Montesquieu

During the read of the Spirit of laws as well as the descriptions that are very boring, because describes the model of States, some surprise is present and to pick it is important to write the new essay but also to tell an indirect influence of Montesquieu to the republic of USA, the answer is it is impossible, not certainly because the constitution of USA has been written from direct influence of Filippo Mazzei (1730-1816) that was a very famous student of constitutions that was emigrant to USA after the “revolution”, and he bought a ranch next to that of George Washington and when the “revolution”, occurred Thomas Jefferson(1743-1826) that was the author of declaration of Independence in 1776, and for this writing Jefferson asked the collaboration of Filippo Filippo Mazzei, born in Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, that certainly have read Montesquieu, because this book has been written in 1749 and the model of republic USA is indirect translation of Montesquieu, that in a chapter of his book he said: “Hence we can consider that the humankind would be compelled  finally to live always under the govern of one, if they haven’t studied a form of constitution that has every vantage of the republic and the vantage of monarchic state. I want consider the federative republic for whole numerous political institutions are consent become part of a State greater that every wants build. It is a society of societies that built other new, that can grow because other consent to gather…”; we can also consider that Montesquieu, that written his book, I repeat before of 1749, inserted examples from the ancient Greek, he naturally didn’t consider that in ancient Greek very much cities were in constant war among them, but he after considers also examples as the Dutch, Germany and Switzerland. And he continues: “This model of republic, able to resist to the stranger power, can keep in its greatness without corruption in intern. This model of State prevent every problems. Who wants usurp the power don’t could enjoy of same credit to every confederated state. If in fact he become very potent in one state, others states would be alarm; if he submit a part other would resist through the independent forces  that he has usurped, and annihilate him before the he has consolidated his power. If in some state occurs a revolt, other can calm it…This model can die for a part and lives to other, the confederation can free oneself but the other states can continue to be confederated”; if we think to principal model of a federal republic, this is the USA, in theory we have a description of USA may 30 years before the USA was born, because the description, that is absolutely theoretic, because in reality the policy has other tools, but the concept that Montesquieu has expressed in become reality; we must also consider that the political model of Montesquieu were the Germany and Dutch, the confederated models, therefore he has took from these models, but Mazzei has given the real translation of think of Montesquieu. The proof of this influence is also in model of election, because Montesquieu take for example both the ancient the Dutch: “In the Dutch republic a province can’t has an allied without consent of other. This law is good and even necessary in the federative republic…The Licia(2th century b.Ch.) republic was a confederation of 23 cities; the greater have three votes, the middle two and the little one. The Dutch  republic is composed from 7 provinces, great or little they have one vote alone”; here we can see a contradiction of history, because the more modern among the States this is the USA has took a model, or better Mazzei has suggested a politic model that is ancient, this is a model of Licia republic, that is in second century before Christ. The model of election of the president of USA is indirect; this is with the votes of liable, and the same model for the Licia republic and the Dutch republic.

 Alessandro Lusana         

 

 

Γνωθι σαυτόν: the deep inquiry

“Γνωθι σαυτόν”, this is “know yourself” is a imperative that was carved on the doors of temple of Apollo, and after it is took from Socrates, Karl Raimund Popper(1902-1994) described this phrase through a motive that is openable, he said: “This phrase that every mentions but nobody knows the meaning, it is that you must know your limits”, it is alone an opinion of Popper that is easily deniable, why? Because the deep meaning of the phrase on the doors of temple is: you must know if you want sacrifice of prayer Apollo, but it alone you can know, hence you must make one inquiry in yourself before of enter; for Socrates this phrase is similar or mirror like to the mot of Socrates and it is mirror like to meaning, because Socrates press for his “pupils”, although he didn’t considered herself a master, to make same thing, know yourself, but not for the religion but alone to philosophy, he never said it but it is as he have made: “You must know before yourself, in deeply of your wit, know your strong and your weakness, what are the motive that you have for an opinion, and after you are going justify your opinion, that is or personal motive, today we could say psychologic, it is the deep meaning of “Γνωθι σαυτόν”; Socrates could not consider the psychology because then there isn’t, but he said it; if your philosophical opinion is alone a psychological reaction, inasmuch alone momentary or you are convinced of this opinion, because you, that are convinced, can demonstrate the rightness of this opinion, but through the rational arguments, otherwise Socrates, that is a turd and a pain on the neck will ask to you because it is so, and he is going to want because it is so; but he is going to want know yourself in deep, and so he is going to justify your opinion, but he instead of say and tell his theories, he ask; this exercise is contrary to common teaching then was very much common, this is to tell the theories and without the explication, Socrates aske the explication to “pupil” because he wanted know the deep causes for an theory, hit is as he have said to “pupil”, you must know because this theory is valid for you, it is important, not alone the rationality and hence the rightness of your theory, that is going to be after, because the first is to know yourself, this is your think and the causes of every your think. Socrates is the anthropological period of philosophy, he wanted study the man and not the theory, and he turned this solicitation first to his “pupils”, because the object of study of Socrates isn’t the philosophy but the mankind, that after of Socrates it must study herself, and understand if he want become the philosopher or not, if he want know or not, and what he wanted truly; but it is he is going to know alone through an inquiry in herself, it is the meaning of this phrase. It is very easy understand because we must know before the historical context: then every idler or was a hero or philosopher, and the philosophers gained much because they sold his knowledge or presumed so, and they explained theories often purely imaginary, but they spoke about everything except the man, Socrates contrary to this method consider alone the man, and he pressed for to know the matter more difficult, this is herself.   

Alessandro Lusana  

 

Populus vult et non vult: Girolamo Savonarola

Girolamo Savonarola(1452-1498) the name of monk Savonarola said very short, because is a marginal personage in the Florence of 15^th century, certainly I don’t wait an knowledge  much breaded of this spiritual dictator, because he was it, some years in Florence the religious dictatorship of Savonarola was very important motive, and he has condemned to capital pain through the stake, from same agent that have had the success to him, this is the Florentine people. It isn’t alone a hypothesis it is a truth that we can take from the words of Sandro Filipepi, called Botticelli (1445 – 1510), very famous painter in Renaissance and in Florence, during a dialogue to Doffo Spini, political personage in Florence and against the Savonarola, asked about the stake of condemn of the monk, and Spini said that the condemn of Savonarola has decided from superior orders; we can imagine that this order came from the pope, but in this dialogue we can identify the supreme judge that has wanted this sentence, who is? The people, in fact in dialogue is element fundamental: “Asking to him, Sandro, because he known that Doffo has been one of the principal, that has examined Savonarola, that he say the truth: what sins have found in Savonarola, for this punishment so drastic. And Doffo answered: “Must I say the truth? We didn’t find nothing mortal sin and neither venial. And Sandro asked: “Why do we have condemn him to this death so shameful? And he answered: it isn’t my responsibility but the principal cause has been Benozzo Federighi; if we didn’t condemn this prophet the people have condemn us, and cut to pieces. The question was so important that we have decided for our life that he have to die”; this step is very important for the motive of this essay, because revels what is the importance of people in policy; the comments are: “It is simply obvious”, no! Because alone the violent reactions of peoples has determined historical change, the American “revolution”, that has determined the birth of a new nation, the French Revolution, that has determined the new with and new conception in policy, this is the republic state; in this case, very much modestly, the change was a continuity, because in Florence the govern of the city was, formally, held form the richest and important families, but the truth is that the power has held from the people, and the policy has dread of people, because it is always thought as inert form the policy and when it instead has revolted the reactions are uncontrolled and very violent, and the importance of this step is also in the biographical date of death of Savonarola, in year 1498, when the democracy wasn’t neither thought and the right was, as in this case, used for the context, policy context, that Spini has confessed: “…the people have condemn us, and cut to pieces…”; it is the dread of a policy that in front of the people, have to satisfy the principal judge, this is the people, that wanted the death of Savonarola. Why this condemn if he was innocent? Simple because the people was very boring of this austerity, and the memories of precedent time were again life. The Florentine people wanted the immoral richness.

Alessandro Lusana     

                

 

 Other rationality of protagonist; Baron von Munchhausen

The Baron von Munchausen is a romance absolutely imaginary written in 1785 from Rudolf Erich Raspe(1737-1794), German writer, that has took from a German soldier; the tale is the other side of Enlightenment because now is the predominance of irrationality, instead the rationality, the science now isn’t because alone the fantasy is dominant, in fact the author tells: “My father(a student of physic thing, astronomic and geographic and he written much treaties among The influence of sun on the fur of bats…”; this introduction naturally is false because the bats haven’t fur, and second the name of his father, but the amusing lies continue in front of the chimney: “(the chimney that has had the measures an high of 12 meters and it was large 9 meters…”; I think that it wasn’t a chimney a condominium. A passion to travels is press for his parents whole grade of kinship is very comic: “..finally a good day come to our house a parent(cousin of wife of uncle of brother in law of sister of my grandfather)”; for the grade of kinship to this person was very rational and common consanguinity, who have some problem asks to secret service of some country. The fantasy is again the principal motive because after landed in an island a storm has brought the destruction, in spite of tragedy, is very comic: “…and a storm burst. It was a violence extreme, so strong that it torn the enormous threes that fleeted on air; beyond the fantasy I think that this image has suggest a scene of Witchcraft of Oz in 1939, although the movie is translation of a romance written in year 1900 by L. Frank Baum, but may the scene of storm is took from this step. The author evidently wanted amused herself because the description od end of storm is very absurd: “And when the storm was ended, every threes failed on the original position and the roots gone back in the earth, and the cucumbers are born on the threes. A crocodile long 40 meters is very laughable; it is a romance of reaction to Enlightenment, and his rationality, as after at last a century after it is going to be as the Verne, when the rationality of Positivism is very important. But among very much fantasy some cultured step is when Raspe tells that the baron was swallowed of a fish very great, it is the step of Iona when he has swallowed from the wheat that has, for theological explication, the announce of the resurrection of Christ, that before is swallowed of death and after he is born again through the resurrection. But I think that this image has suggested also the steps of Pinocchio, written in 1880 by Italian writer Carlo Collodi(1826-1890), that has took or from the Holy Bible or from the Munchhausen Baron; and the Baron, in this enormous fish, has found a nurse and child. We must laugh of these tales because he has written so that the reader laughs, but we must also think that this lively fantasy is the sign of a reaction to the prevalent rationality. It is individual rationality of Munchhausen; this is other rationality of protagonist.

Alessandro Lusana        

    

  

    

 

 

 New Munchhausen: Jules Verne

The new Munchausen, what means? Simple it is sufficient read The adventures of Baron Munchausen of German writer Rudolf Erich Raspe(1737-1794), that in 1785 edited this book where he told the adventures of this baron, that is truly existed, in fact Karl Friedrich Hieronymous von Münchhausen, a German soldier, that Raspe, has took for the adventures of his Baron; until here nothing of interesting , but the interesting is in the time when Raspe and Jules Verne(1828-1905) written their romances the times were different, but same faithful in rationality, aseptic and scientist rationality, and the reactions of these two writers are similar, some step of Raspe is indicative: “The essential advertence that I must set before of narration of adventures of my life much dynamic is this: I want declare that in the narration of modest occurred things whole I have been protagonist I have had fro the absolute sake the scrupulous truth. Unfortunately are the writers that, for the have an easy success, adorn their narrations…”, naturally it is an antithesis, this is the literary figure that has near two words that are contrast between them; the step that we have read is the semiotic contrast between a wit, this the 17^th century, and the wit of romance that is alone a fantastic narration, and Verne lived in a time that was similar, during the Positivism, where the science was dominant and the rationality was likewise; in fact in the romance of Munchhausen, Raspe begin saying that he want tell alone the truth, and in this romance are words, letters, point and commas but the truth nothing, and he is very immediately “lier”, other step is necessary: “I remember the advisement of my grandfather that is has died to age of 306 years for the fishbone of a whale( this good man was very great eater, and a whale of shark were his hors-d’oeuvre…”; it is naturally a book for childhood and the fantasy is fundamental for the childhood, but here is also a reaction to Enlightenment. The same reaction that Verne has had against the Positivism, in fact in his romance, The travel to center of earth, he described a code conversion of a document in Latin language that he code converses read it contrary, already here it impossible, but the text said: “Go down in the crater  of Yocul…and you are going to arrive to center of earth…”. The vulcan Yocul is in Island and the last eruption is in 2010. Some rationality is present in nephew of Lidenbrock, Axel, protagonist and scientist in this romance, his nephew: “Alone the scientific arguments could persuaded the professor Lidenbrock. Now I have excellent against this possibility for this travel. Come to center of earth. It is crazy! The connection to reality Verne has kept it for the descriptions, that have a valor of representation of reality, very much particulars that haven’t motive to be present, and also the interior dynamic, the wit that emerges the other tie to reality; the arrive to Island is the catalog of geography, because Verne mentioned every town; it is because the environment descripted must be motive to induce that also the travel in the center of earth is real. Hence this romance is has dual validities on for the real and other for the fantasy.

Alessandro Lusana  .