Revolutionary Hegel

This essay relates about Hegel and his young written about religion, where is present a very much important and evident influence of France revolution, and, above all, a lack of a government in Germany during these years. Hegel scolds Christian religion because it has deprived men of liberty and independence, and because it has positive character; but positive we must consider that, in conformity with hegelian meaning it is authoritarian power, that imposes his orders and his morality; this is perfect, certainly, but Hegel falls when he considers that pagan religion was very freedom, pity Hegel has forgotten that Socrates was condemned to capital sentence for alleged atheism. Therefore Hegel scolds also that instruction the state has given to religious institution, this central point of will of state of Hegel, the state must get instruction for every citizen, then this is a principle ground of France revolution; and other sign of this revolutionary spirit is in representation of miss that, in conformity with hegelian opinion, has scanned social classes between rich and poor. Other fall is in celebration of choice of leader during ancient age; but historical election of an imperator in Rome never was, and tyrannies, this is leader, neither is in Athena, people had has power, from 508-507 before Christ, with Cleisthenes when democracy allowed to people of vote for policy of Athena, but religion in this contest not was, on contrary state, or city state, as Athena and other of ancient Greek, could impose their law for religion presence, but religion of ancient Greek was pagan; then this judge of Hegel has alone arose by enthusiastic revolutionary spirit, and since during those years also religion has considered ground of monarchic power that, in opinion of France revolutionary, has deprived liberty to men, then Hegel, evidently, has considered religion motive for impose to men his law. But Hegel never condemns the state of Germany, if men haven’t liberty the state deprives it, and not certainly religion, but Hegel not could consider the state for motive of deprivation of liberty because in Germany, then, a central government and a state not were, then religion was only motive for consider deprivation of liberty.

Alessandro Lusana 

     

        

 

Praise of nothing

This essay about a north European writer, this is Knut Hamsung(1859-1952), that I think unknown to readers, and I invite them to read his tales, because he got all style of English literature, this is the modest action and the nothing history; during read of his tales is very difficult to find a history, but in return they see very much nature; some precisely about wood and field are very argument for distraction, because this read is very boring and some to every sales. Every work descripted is common and devoid of continuity, this seems a description of daily action and this tales are a diary alone, an example that I have got from The son of sun, a tales: “To night its snowed. He has thought how much birds are going to be cold in the wood, where the violets are very wrong on the field, before that they are dying” this is an examples alone but is very important because all tales is so; nothing is never motive for interest. I know that somebody could comment why to read this tales, I answer, because this literature document is a perfect example about you do not write a romance or tales. A romance has an action and storyline, some connection with habit but, above all, with storyline because the reader can understand what is motive of romance or tale; landscape and other very less important are literature gimmicks for a momentary distraction, or for continuity of action; but now for Hamsun are present and without action, without protagonist, dialogues and nonsense, but returning very much boredom. Therefore these tales are necessary for to understand way about don’t write a romance.

Alessandro Lusana

 

The whip of writers

The literary whip was a paper of literary criticism, built and wrote by Giuseppe Marco Antonio Baretti(1719-1789), and this paper was very famous for tones very strong and offensive; in fact author wrote judgement very offensive against books and Italian writers; he despises contemporary poetry of a society called Arcadia, for ancient Greek land, and we can consider that verses of poems of these poetry are very poor, and he considered them poetaster, and we can’t consider that he was right. But often emerge also personal motive, so some attack to poetry and playwright as Carlo Goldoni, a prolific Italian playwright of 18^th century, that wrote 200 comedies, and he has had also praise of Voltaire, that wrote a letter to Goldoni and he called himself as more great admirer in France; but very and very rightly Baretti asked how it is possible to admire a Italian comedy if the admirer not knows Italian language; anyway Baretti criticizes characters of some comedy, but he takes alone some inaccuracy, and stop, he sees alone errors, Goldoni is sometime is boring, very boring, but these critic motives are very poor, because he take alone some image and not all comedy. I think that he wanted alone fame and success that he tried to obtain with these strong judges, and he was also, I repeat, also offensive, but some verse of his poem, was as much poor and boring. Somebody would comment that is necessary to see first owner qualities and after to consider other, then Christ talked: “Why you see the straw in eyes of your brother and not see beam in your eyes?”. Therefore Baretti is boring when he is polemic, this is always, because he critics all and everybody but after he does not give nothing that merits very praise. Baretti is a critic, offensive, polemic and may useless.

Alessandro Lusana  

        

 

Anthony Tempesta in Sistine hall

The hall that I consider her is a hall that now isn’t, because between 1860 and 1887 this build was demolished and in this town was built actual station for train of Rome; this hall has had 6 kilometres and it was would for cardinal Peretti, after pope Sixtus 5^th at 1570, bought land for to build this hall, that was finished at 1581 on project of Domenico Fontana, very important Sistine architect(Figs.1-3). In this hall was painted a frieze with allegories of virtues and other, but painters of this frieze are today in majority unknown. Some published photos that I took let me identify very easily both Antonio Tempesta(1555-1630), painter that I have studied very much during my second thesis; usually we think that during Sistine pontificate Tempesta was excluded for commissions but for this frieze we must consider an exception; in fact for Felicitas stabilis, this Stable happiness(Fig.4), Tempesta anticipated some character of his style engravings that were after; we can consider very similarities between painting and engravings, the neck of this allegory is very specular to three figures on engravings of Tempesta(Figs. 5-7), toes are very specular to Europe kidnapped by Jupiter(Fig.6), the face(Fig.7) of this allegory is specular to Europe before mentioned, but she is very similarities to neck of Ciparissus, on other engraving of Tempesta(Fig.8), and last but it isn’t certainly less important than others the cloth, folds of fabrics are very specular to allegory, equally strong and heavy, that we can find both on this painting and on engraves(Figs.9-10); therefore after Geographical Maps Gallery in Vatican certainly Tempesta worked for this hall, and since painters in this Gallery of Tempesta and are very little he was busied to this Gallery for very little time, and he could painted this frieze.

Alessandro Lusana

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Polybius, this is historical work

The read of think about policy of Polyibius(206 b.Ch-118 b.Ch), he was a Greek ancient historical and he told about much wars of Roman empire, and today we have alone five books of his Historias, this histories, about Punic wars; but interesting is that he in this book about method work of historical he expresses some concept that today should be normal for historical work, but often lack, this is truth about question more or less important, he says: “I let that historical can inclines to his town but no certainly that they make false tales for an own gain”, this question, very ancient and today actual again, shows how that historical lie is very ancient, and above all for same motive, favours or gain; this is important for to understand, and Polybius advises to reader about it, that: “Then readers must diligently to understand this lies and the historical must avoid it”; this is no certainly original advise, but simply a right historical work. This concept he repeated in other step of this book, and he says: “…and neither we must trust to historical that subordinates historical truth to own interest”, and “The history joins very much persons and future generations, while discourses are to present occasion alone, so historical must consider very much truth…”. Other advises he given, this is: “Two genders are about lie, one is for ignorance and other for will. We must forgive lie for ignorance but we must turn away who lies for will”. Certainly these advises are today normal behaviour, but we must consider that often these advises are forgotten because we have some interest so that this forgetfulness happens, therefore Polybius was right when he says that everyone has interest and because of this interest we forgotten; then Polybius is very nasty, because he says to man what are men.

Alessandro Lusana     

               

 

 

Philosophical criterions and critical studies

This essay is about art history and involves pilosophical criterions for critical studies, this is some criterions research that we can see in ancient philosophers and that we can use also to art history; we must consider that these are general criterions that we can involve every field research, from Eubolides, a philosopher of 3th century b.C. we can take a concept that in art history, history, economic and other studies is essential, this is relativism, this is every thing is realitive to other and every concept is realitve other concepts, therefore we can involve art history with a basic concept, this is that art history is connected with space and economic state, and public of this space, this is people of a town that can understand a painting or no; questions that artist had to ask his self, therefore everything was relative, about economic matter we can consider that a commission can guarantee other commissions if place was rich or, better, if a place  was important for policy or other; then much purchaser can make commissions, and culture of place because this factor could guarantees other works, but this is factor was connected with culture of place and culture of purchasers. Other criterion is the dialectic; this is fight between generations of artist and styles, in Rome cultural fight between Cavalier d’Arpino and Caravaggio, this is between Mannierism and realistic painting, then fight between two schools and two styles; but after this consideration emerges the third philosophical step, this is the Hegelian synthesis, this is the fusion of contrary principles, and this fusion at last about Caravaggio is to the first version of Conversion of saint Paul, very next to Mannierism, and very little realistic, but this dynamic energy of dialectic is present also in head of artist, models and styles that are fighting among them and after they take synthesis, and final style is collected in painting, then we can find much cultural addresses in one single painting; then a painting of Sementi, an Italian painter of 17^th  century, that for an altarpiece he used Pieter Paul Rubens, Charles Saraceni, Guy Reni and Cavalier d’Arpino, together in one painting, today in Sermoneta; every artist takes and transfers much models that he chose and that have fought in his head for dynamic dialectic, then relativism, dialectic and synthesis are principles of philosophical think that we can use in art history also.

Alessandro Lusana     

     

 

 

Life is dream

Delia was a librarian of a great library and she had usually dreams of women, her age was 44 years and she wanted a family with a husband and very much sons and daughters, usual dreams that she lived every day because she awaked at 6:00 A.M. she prepared breakfast to her family and after clothed sons and daughters, they were six, she at 9:00 was to job; she considered always herself a librarian but she was director of library. Delia was lover of read, she red philosophy, literature, history, theologian, semiotic and other, she loved her job, and she wanted always librarian, in fact she helped students with Latin and Greek literature, history and other, students loved hers and she loved help them, she wander around in library because she ordered books and after she red it, she wanted see how students studied  and she made private lessons in library; in fact every student was ready always; she when begun read of a book she left knowledge of time and she was involved in read always, she tried with fantasy, and she imagined scenes that she red, therefore Shakespearian dramas and Divine Comedy of Dante Alighieri and others therefore her life was all between books. The night she slept in her home and she didn’t dreamed never; her husband, very expert psychologist, asked often what she dreamed, but she answered that nothing, and her husband give oneself same question: “Why?”, and she answered that her life was very boring then nothing was exciting; but a day Philip, her husband, during a very romantic dinner at their home, he asked: “Can I know age of your lovers?”, Delia with goggle eyed fixed Philip, and he asked again: “Do you want salad, I advise it because is very good”, therefore: “What is age?”, Delia was very embarrassed looked other side of room, and Philip seen hers and: “Delia, I know it from much time, and I understand perfectly it, this is I want that you are very happy, but you must remember that you have six sons and daughter, and I must consider that I neglected you, and you need of emotions because your job is certainly interesting but you are a beautiful woman, you are redhead, thin and very fine woman, I understand that some student or your colleague has failed in love to you”. Delia asked “Why do now you ask it alone?”, and Philip: “Because I want that you practise your emotions”, Delia fixed with eyes Philip and: “Why?”, and Philip after eat a bit of cookie, and drunk a glass of wine: “Because among some minutes will ring alarm clock”, then Delia seen clock and: “Duty calls, and we must sleep, otherwise our dream will end”, and “Alexander is his name, and his age is 47 years; he is a right-wing or better a pure Nazi and he is stranger, and he is extremist to study also”, and Philip: “When do you will meet him?”, and Delia: “To next hours, now we must sleep then live, because we have six sons and daughters”, and Philip: “I am sorry but I don’t understand because we can live when we sleep alone” and Delia: “Because life is a dream, good night love, now we must sleep because otherwise we will be late, among fifteen minutes I will open library, I am director, I can’t be late”. Then he plug off light.

Alessandro Lusana