Venite adoremus

This essay is about a theological fight to painting, holy painting that during centuries 8^th and 9^th determined contrast between roman Church and Byzantine Church, this controversy has name of iconoclast, this is the prayers to imagines, that to Catholic Church is alone a means to reached God, but the Byzantine Church wanted interpreter a adoration similar to pagan religion, this is mere false interpretation but necessary to distinguished the Byzantine Church from Catholic; anyway we can reached a session of Lateran Council of 769 with pope Stephen 3th; in this session is confirmed that image can and must be worship: “Actio quarta. De veneratione Sacrarum Imaginem. Si ad sanctorum consortium venire optamus; profecto hic  omnia in honore Sanctorum, sive reliquias non solum corporum, sed et vestimentorum, sive Basilicas nominibus eorum memoratas, seu etiam imagines, et vultus illorum in quolibet loco depictos celeberrimo honore venerari debemus…”, this is: “Session fourth. About worship holy painting. If we decide to come to meeting with saints, certainly to honor of saints , or relic, both body and cloth and name of Basilica, or also imagine, and face of those to everywhere worship we must”; it is clear declaration of war to iconoclast of Byzantine, and the willing of Leon 3th, imperator of Byzantine to limit influence of religion on State, like it is in Europe; predominance of State and laic power of religion have to be predominant, because Byzantine has had the danger of Islam, a nascent danger that in 1453 conquered Constantinople, but at the time again beginner, thereupon was not dangerous; the question was between Catholic Church and Byzantine Church, and the causes were merely earthly, this is the power. Anyway we can consider that during this time and controversy the Catholic Church has anticipated decisions in finish sessions of Council of Trent, when was decided that the painters have to painting imagines with clear show of saints and holy imagines, so that the people be educated to holy doctrine od Church; I think that other the affirmation of Cicero: “Religio instrumentum regni”, also the imagines are “instrumentum” to reign; concept that from ancient Egypt is present and it didn’t lost during ancient Greek and Rome; therefore the Church has followed same method and same criterion.

Alessandro Lusana  

             

 

 

 

Ancient and new laws: continuity and break

I want underline that long time and thereupon history, the past is present and it is going to be present during future, an example is the French revolution and his laws, that is continuity of practice because costant habit, the Constitution of 1791 is presented to approve to king Louis 16th; this is practice costant, may they haven't aware that the French was republic, but we can consider that after centuries of monarchy republic regime was strange to everybody. The revolution certainly has contributed to human right and very famous declaration of Rights of man is reference to today right, but we can consider that  also this declaration is determined by a historical process that has had continuity and break; the first article of Constitution of 1791, although the republican was real regimen some step remembers principles, that although different because time and context are very different we can take it and think that to wit and history are determined, in fact in a French law of 1380, October precisely, the protection of propriety: “Асте du Régent, par tequel il promet aux habitans de Paris de demander au Roi l'abolition des impôts”, this promise may was kept; and we can think that propriety was alone to rich men, but the name “habitants”, evidently involved all persons, that in a modern states as French on 2th article is follow setting: “The aim of all political association is conservation of natural right of mankind, these are the freedom, propriety, security…”, and : “The propriety  is a inviolable  and holy right and nobody can deprive it”, and: “The ministers are responsible of all crimes made against the national security…of every crimes to propriety”, after two years from 1789 the propriety is kept as Middle age. Other concept that we can take is more recent compared to Middle age, and now today we can called nationalist, because it is typical of a king that has made history of French and Europe, this is Louis 14^th (1638-1715), third article, of constitution of 1791, says: “The  principle of every sovereign is in the nation essentially”, this is a right principle and it remembers a very famous answer of Louis 14th,  to ministers that asked who was responsible of State affairs, he answered: “To me and alone, the State is me”; this is, I am the nation I am the French. The break were monarchy and religion, because the feuds are just on hands of bourgeois from some fifty years, thank to Louis 14th, that has promoted bourgois to finance management, this is Jean Baptist Colbert(1665-1683) a very bourgois that saved very much; therefore the rrots of Revolution, that is bourgois revolution are in the major centralizer of king, it is very strange, but historical true. 

Alessandro Lusana   

 

…tironum ordinem: semper presens

A document that we can read on website attests that Italian poet, Durante Alighieri, called Dante, and may other, as undersigned were right, because Dante written in Purgatory: “Bring to temple the cupid seals”(Purgatory Cant 20^th and verse 93); the title of this assay is repeats some world of document, that confirms this opinion, a step of this documents says: “Cum simili processione iterùm die sequenti ad ecclesiam perductus, ibi novæ militiæ prestito juramento ad tironum ordinem est assumptus…”, that translated means: “Again with this procession during to days sequent towards church brought, where new militia given oath towards of Tyre order is took…”; this is confirm that the Templar order was not excommunicated from Clement 5^th pope, and the name is meaningful, because it says tironum, this is of Tyre and “ordinem” this is order; therefore Philip 4^th of French have stolen alone the moneys of this order, because it interesting to him; thereupon order in French was again present, or it gone back after the death of that king, because it is present in 1380 in Reims and excommunication was false, because written by a Dominican monks and no certainly from papal chancellery, that has written absolution of this order; and other consideration about excommunication order; if Templar order was excommunicated every religious could have impede access to this church, because they were excommunicated, and furthermore they could not give oath in church and by chief was wearing a belt, and this document says:“prestito juramento ad tironum ordinem est assumptus, et à duce Andegavensi accinctus balteo militari, antequam oleo inungeretur coelesti , aut cultu insigniretur region…”, this is with rite of consecration this order was consacrated; a curiosity, author of this document used same name that used saint Bernard to his book dedicated to Templar order, this is “novæ militiæ”, saint Bernard titled his book “Laus novae militia”. Thank you a Italian studios we now known the truth about this excommunication, but very much centuries we have need to know the true historical controversy; I want alone and personally thank this document because has given to us possibility to read this history.

Alessandro Lusana        

    

 

Ad perpetuam memoriam

During read of William Malmesbury(1095-1143), fortunately in Latin, he written: "Per haec senium oblivionis eluctari meruerunt quaecumque tempora post illumvirum fluxerunt", and other step:"paro putamus digna", this is:"we consider worthy"; we can find some premure that to historical men is necessary, this is conservation of memory, and to this book Gesta regum anglorum, retook a point that the Greek historical man, Erodotus, has expressed: “This is explication of Herodotus from Halicarnassus, so that the works of men don’t be lost during time, and the actions of great And beautiful, made both of Greek and barbarians, aren’t without fame and particulary causes that determined fights”; Malmesbury that, certainly, didn’t know Herodotus, and certainly he could not read the Ίστοριας, because then the ancient Greek language may three or four intellectuals known, among William from Occam, but no certainly Malmesbury; anyway he said same preoocupation, because in the first chapter of his book he said: “Per haec senium oblivionis eluctari meruerunt quaecunque tempora post illum virum fluxerunt”, that translated is: “To their ancient time fight to exit with effort they merited for every human time flourish”; we can consider that indipendently one other and centuries distant, Herodotus(484 b.Ch-425 b.Ch) and William Malmesbury(1085 a.Ch.-1143 a.Ch.), therefore unkown one to other has had same preoccupation; but other historical man, Florentine therefore Italian, Niccolò Machiavelli, has expressed same fear but through different worlds, in fact he said: “I being gone to that time, to death of Lorenzo il Magnifico de’Medici, made exchange form to Italy, and after the following things, it are higher and greatest, to greatest and major wit to describe, I have judged god every thing that until that time I have describide  translated in a book”, but dignity of Machivelli is present in a step where he written to his costumer, this is Clemente 7^th pope, that has commissioned this book, but Machiavelli says that he don’t is going to be partial regard to medici family: “And because by your santity was imposed that I write the thing made from your forefather , so that was evident that I am distant from every adulation…”; thereupon Clemente 7^th wanted the history of Florence and certainly, but hide motive is that he wanted bought Machivelli to administration of Florence, then to Alexander of Medici, therefore some advisement would be very useful, but Machiavelli has collaborated also with Republican regime, and excape of Medici in Florence(1494-1512); therefore an aid to Florentine regime from machiavelli would be necessary; thereupon Florentine histories were a relevant commission, this is “captatio benevolentiae”. Finally I want use the last historical man that has cleared more than everyman his mission, Francesco Guicciardini(1483-1540), in his books about history of Italy he says: “For akwnoledge of these cases, so serious and so different, everyman can and to public god, take very much health documents…”, documents are teachings that are going to read by men, and actions and reactions. I think that Guicciardini has taught more better than others this mission of historical man.

Alessandro Lusana

 

Vox cantoris is biographical?

Louis 9th the Saint, so called after the canonization of pope Boniface 8 he has had also a biographical cantoris, he was  Jean de Joinville(1228-1317), aristocratic member and medieval man, it is evident from dates but above all to emphasis that he used to tell  biographical life of his king; same emphasis that adopted saint Bernard from Chiaravalle in his book Laus novae militiae, same wit and same way to tell, some step it explicative: “To his food he was extreme moderate, because I have never heard asked some delicacy to food or drink, as much rich men, but he took that they offered…During his conversation he was chaste because I have never heard a scurrile world, or called evil, as now is common…”, therefore we can indirectly know a superman on medieval version; same sources that mentioned Saint Bernard followed to his book, he heard cantoris in the places of Italy and Jean has took same told, but demonstration about his with very celebrative is other step: “He mixed wine to water. A time he asked me why I didn’t mixed water to wine. I answered that the doctors has said me  that I have the great head and cold stomach and it didn’t bear the wine to water. But the god king said me that they have deceived me, because if haven’t made it during my youth and I have made it during old age the gout would take me…”, also the medieval doctors known that the gout is determined by other and certainly they has said to Jean, but he though that his king was right. We must consider that Jean come to his king in 20 age old, therefore he has token by adventure and enthusiastic participation; furthermore he was very near to king, and we know it because he, partially credible but we give faith to him, he said: “Some saint worlds that the god king said to me and other. He fair e loved God over everything, and he has been favored to all he made…as our God is died to his people, so Saint Louis has risked his life and he has faced great dangers to people of his reign…”, certainly bullshits, but we can understand what was with of Jean, he has the 20 age old and enthusiasm, therefore that isn’t from biographical told is evident to other motives. Certainly it is biographical told is false and solemn alone; but we can deduce what was spirit of twenty years old during 1248.

Alessandro Lusana   

 

 

Human behaviour is law

This essay speaks about a treaty with Latin title, De jure bello, this is About right of war, written in 1458, in Italy and author is Alberico Gentili, some step of this treaty is interesting, because it seems foresee some conception that is very near to our: “They say in fact that is a right of people, and of this mankind uses, a right that human rational built among the men, and it is kept to same way in all peoples, this is natural right. Really  it is alone the consent of all people must be considered right of nature”; today it is automatic to think, but during 1458 it is revolutionary concept, that has foreseen our right, or much better the consent has been just adopted in Athens of Clisthenes, in Areopagus, where important decisions were voted from representatives of people of Attic; democracy is a question very ancient, although the master Athens sometime has failed.  And other step confirm it: “Better still the govern of a community and law power belong to majority of citizens, so govern of word belongs to community of word”, utopic? Certainly but very near to us conception, and it is shows that mankind is similar, after said. Some human reality becomes true today, he spoking about merchants he says: “The Merchants, instead, busied on their businesses , cure very little of truth and they usually tell to ambition; this behavior we can attribute to very much persons that we know, it attests that man is similar every time, and it isn’t alone a social context, but it is mankind that expresses itself. Other important matter that we can consider is other step: “Nevertheless much of thing that the merchants has said we can consider true, because they haven’t neglected the seizes of right of people that regarding to them  and their merchants. In fact the commercials belong to right of people”; it is normal both today and in 1458, but it is interesting because shows what level of entrepreneurship has had in Italy; this traditional costume that begun from Middle Age, but to us interesting this step, because represents that liberal idea of commerce, that we consider from Adam Smith, is really more old than Smith, and now we can confirm it because this step is also a moral document; this is a demotic opinion, that has back a legitimation both right and moral; this is the merchant had won. Actual consideration that we can find in everywhere is following: “it is very true also to no written right; in fact the custom in a city bonds everyone, and it is called custom of all city, although every not citizen has accepted it, actually somebody has refused”. I think that we can consider that it more than a teat about war it is a treat about human custom, that becomes law both moral and written.

Alessandro Lusana

 

A pupil: Bertoldo of Giovanni

A pupil is usually marginal presence in art, in store is less than very low, at last he isn’t Leonardo from Vinci, that has had distinguished, above all to two angels on left of Baptism of Christ(Fig.1); we know perfectly that Leonardo after followed his way and he has had immense artist, but he no certainly followed his master, Andrea Verrocchio; he followed alone Leonardo da Vinci! Differently from Bertoldo di Giovanni(1420-1491), followed his master, Donato di Niccolò di Betto Bardi(1386-1466), called Donatello, he rightly, to commercial motive merely he copied in little dimensions works of his master, and he took some point very innovative in sculpture, as prospective in high relief, we can consider The fight between Romans and Barbarian troops(Fig.2); an example to understand the sculpture perspective; this is tridimensional creation in high relief; he has used geometrical perspective of Filippo Brunelleschi, and has translated on the sculpture, and Bertoldo has used on moderate conception, but he hasn’t averted the analysis from Donatello; in fact on his works Hercules(Figs.8-9) and other work with Equestrian statue(Figs.10-11), he took from David; but he didn’t lost the taste of perspective, in fact on other works he reused this motive of false perspective(Figs.2-7), evidently costumers wanted it and he worked so because it is a revolutionary conception of plastic art, on material production Donatello inserted a immaterial think, he has rendered an abstract think, as reality, evidently it is costume or fashion; but we have also reference that confirms this use, a letter, dated 29^th July 1479, of same Bertoldo to Lorenzo de Medici said: “To this moment I have thrown chisels, scalpels, drawings squares, wax, architecture, perspective”, why architecture? He is a sculpture and no certainly an architect; evidently he has reference to sculpture architecture and prospective alone of high relief; therefore he is donatellian sculpture; he mentioned these peculiarity because these are major qualities of this works; but afore said these characteristics are from Donatello and he has follows his master; therefore it confirms that taste of Donatello, to translated abstract think on reality is certain.

Alessandro Lusana  

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