National papacy

During the Middle age, this is the centuries when the Church has had the universal power, usually we think that every men, and clericals above all, were subaltern to power and words of pope, an example is king Henry 4^th to Canossa; today we would laugh to this episode and other, but then the papacy was very universal, at last in Europe. We must also consider that in same Church politic pression of a king as Charles 5^th(1338-1380) although didn’t express as those of Philipp 4^th king of Franche(1268-1314) certainly was present because this king have to renfornce the role of monarchy, and to this he was helped from building that he commissioned: “Charles 5^th a notable builder. He gave Paris a new curtain wall enclosing a large number of buildings erected beyond the built by Philip Augustus in the twelfth century; same politic that in Rome and in Italy has followed both the popes and the aristocratic families, because the build is the evident signs of power and richness and the occasions to give jobs, because then the artisans didn’t lack certainly; but beyond the buildings and the luxury also a pope, that the France has had for 68 years in Avignon could be a motive of politic power, hence the words of Theodoricus fron Nieheim(1345-1418), are a motive to consider that the French monarchy, though he didn’t express it, but we must think that the habit of French to have a pope was by now consuetude, and the conclave that was almost all French, after the Costance council(1414-1418) all the conclave is going to be Italian fro centuries, but the papacy has lost much power, because the national states now began their reise; the Theodoricus says: “But after these beyondmoths cardinals, with same pope, that they called Clement, toward the city of Avignon come…”, this is they apointed other pope, in historiography called as against pope; thereupon although Charles 5^th was very religious, the power, read the monarchy, is more important than prayer and faithful, because the state of French needs of power, thus the Pater noster is secondary; and the pope is very important to enforce the French and his king; it is motive to against popes in history; in fact the sign of reise of national states is to last against pope, this is Felix 5^th(1440-1449); why he was the last against pope? Because the states were definitited to their politic power and, after Martin Luther(1483-1546), also religious power; thereupon the Chatolic power was almost nothing; an example is Henry 8^th, king of England, that founded the Anglicanism. To turn to Middle age, the answer of Urban6th pope was the election of new cardinals, prescind for nationality, that in that context was important, because French cardinals has would invalided the decisions, but then danger more important was present, the against pope and above all the French, thereupon the conclave was a instrument to reaffirm the traditional Roman Catholic power. Anyway the process of laic wit is began during Middle age, this is during the more fervent religious partecipation; this is the anticatholicism is hidely began when the Chatolicism was dominant; it is the human history, because it is human kind.

Alessandro Lusana