Every philosophy is particular and universal

We must consider that concept of particular in conformity of opinion of Hegel(1770-1831), this is from universal concept typical of philosophy a think can become inherent to object of concept very much human, therefore it is particular, from universal it is very relative, thereupon particular. We can consider that every philosophy is particular; Greek ancient philosophy was busy to examination about nature, therefore particular, through Socrates(died 399 b.Ch.) born anthropological period of philosophy, that is always relative, because on contrary the nature considered human and his wit, his nature, after ancient is Middle Age that considers through theology God, certainly universal, but it become particular to Christ, that was human, and saints that are human; philosophy of history is particular because inquires human become during time and phenomenological events, wars, economy, culture, therefore it is particular. The absolute spirit of Hegel is very particular because it is brain, human brain, thereby very human, philosophy of science is particular because inquires a matter of human knowledge, the science. Then is particular and universal because it inquires both universal God and human Christ, thereby it is human, this is particular, and universal this is God, but we can consider that theology can become alone particular although inquires alone God, because it is universal but is one, this is one concept, one alone, thereupon it is particular, because one alone object, as philosophy of history, of science, aesthetics, moral, of religion, these inquires alone one matter one argument. But we can consider that in its matter every philosophy, usually, takes every size of his matter, the aesthetics philosophy inquires painter, literature, poetic, sculpture, music, therefore it is universal in its field, limited to confront of philosophy inquire but universal regard its field, thereby every philosophy is particular and universal. The sckeptics considers everything opinable, therefore they are universal philosophy, they can say, but reality they are particular, because they must consider that about material reality we can't doubt, thereupon they become particular because they limite field of inquire and method.

Alessandro Lusana

                  

 

A head is worth a revolution

During the read of added of National assemble, born in France after the French revolution, in spite of emphasis and solemn narration of events occurred, a series of lies very incredible, but in 1790 and century following it had been believed very trust, to example, how much men that attacked the Bastille? In conformity with official version some thousand, truly they are 14 and three Germans, two French, three Belgian, and five Holland, all beggars that wonted alone steal armies so that they can sale to somebody; other lie: power has had in hands of people, certainly the National assembly could decide and in fact the sessions show it, but the king could dissolve the chambers, as today is possible in French, thereupon or in French is monarchy again or the the French republic has had took example from past monarchy, and certainly it is so. Other very trifling step of this read is very important if we consider historical moment; we are during 14^th November 1789, after 4 months the Revolution, and we can read, in these session: “The general wit of Assembly seems very uncertain, “I think that aristocracy made progress, and I think, very much, that some movement can give enthusiasm. The clergy has found in small cities very extreme defenders and among the nobility members. And they have defended them it is right and natural…”, thereafter we can think that French revolution was died just, because every revolution action that destroyed an order that has been used to centuries can change after centuries; in fact actually in France the president has power very important, as the king during the monarchy, but today, in France, is republic. This essay want explore the words that after aided, this is that, aristocrats lived and they defend they economical interest, and also the clergy, and step: “And they have defended them it is right and natural…”, is representation of common difficulties that revolution has had given his idea and with. This useful introduction has had necessary to conclude through a question: why the king has had guillotined in 1795? Answer is very simple: because French revolution has died and to survive, Jacobins have to guillotined the king because very much French were disoriented in this revolutionary new order, and Charlotte Corday, that killed Marat, on 13^th July 1793, is evident sign that extremism of Marat has had refused, Charlotte Corday was aristocratic woman that has influenced from Girondins, this is middle class of revolution, against the Jacobins; during 1795 in common people the idea of revolution evidently has died and uncertainness and economic problems were the principal motive to guillotine the king, because I think that very much French want turn before of revolution. This is confirmed from same died after some dies of hers husband in 1793, the ask is: why? She has not had never nothing power on French, she hasn’t never govern, she was absolutely strange to political responsibility, therefore: why? Because she was a symbol and she could be last hope to monarchy and she could conspire to return of monarchy; it is normal, but if French was all revolutionary this danger was not certainly, but this danger was present because the revolutionary wit has died, therefore the people could be to monarchy. Finally I want transcribe otherwords that are very meaninfull to this historical consideration, during the session in 14th November 1789we can read these words: "The administrative assemblies have subjected to king, because he is supreme chief of nation and ammonistration...". Hurrah the revolution!      

Alessandro Lusana           

     

 

Poetic commerce

During read of Argonautics of Apollonius Rhodium(295b.Ch.-215b.Ch), it is mythological history of Jason that must took the Golden fleece and he is going to pass some test of courage, and he must tame to bulls and other, he overcome it because the goods are favorable to him; but important, beyond the poem is very boring, is cities that he has mentioned in poem, the poet Apollonius Rhodium was from Alexandria of Egypt and he has took surname rhodium after his transfer to Greek island; I think that the cities that he has mentioned in this poem he has known to commercial exercise, certainly it isn’t of Apollonius but we must consider that Rhodes is island and very much semen were and worked in that island; therefore he could have took name and mythological reference from very seamen; some step holds this hypothesis: “With better heroes of Greek all together in this ship he has arrived to your city, after that he has turned beyond cities; furthermore some suggestions about commerce of animals we can take from other step: “he has said that on Mars plane he hold two bulls to grazing”, and “he has ordered to me that I must plow this land acres, and he is going to give to me thots of drag and to it. they are born men with bronze armies and they must kill to same day…”, this step shows that the trade of seeds of agriculture existed and evidently it was very rich; naturally is also a reference to Deucalion and his mythological legend, and other step is very interesting to precise description of geographical source and names Narecos and other is source Belles. To this source they gone in and raided very speedy. Other geographical step: “The water of river Istrus surround a island called Peuce, with triangle form that has long side towards to coast”; and furthermore: “They gone in to river back the Colchis and they arrived to Brigee islands, holy islands to Artemis. On one was a holy temple dedicated to goddess…”. It is a true catalog of geographical ancient Greece, and we can consider that Apollonius has travelled very much to Greece or he has took notices about rivers and town from several seamen, and he has holt it and he has given to his poem.

Alessandro Lusana  

                            

   

 

Republic: between ideal and pragmatism. Two methods and two persons

The book of Plato the Republic is a result very interesting because beyond the ideal considerations, that are utopian; interest is in speculative rationality of Socrates and Platonic ideal; in fact during read of this book we can ascertain that this book is divided between ideal consideration and very speculative analysis, that is alone Socratic, this is from a philosopher that has been logic and rational in every days. He said about custodian that they must be honest and strong, they must exercise with armies and gymnastic, they must bear sorrow and toil and flatters. The utopian think began with follow words: “First nobody can have a good, if it is staple, second nobody can have a house or warehouse to let access to everybody, the staple they have from community, as salary…”; after a description of a strategy to war, and some particular, human typically Plato seems forgives it, a chief said to other chief in the city allied: “We not use gold or silver, because it are forbidden, o contrary you use it. If you want ally to us, you are going to have gold of enemies city”, human character and peculiarity is that mankind has in his wit and in his will owner of gold and silver and others richness, therefore it is almost impossible that a man want die to his city and he refuses gold. I think that size of this book very imaginative is a step that Plato used to build his ideal state, imaginative to his time, this is administration of policy from women, in fact he said, regard commission to exam of sons: “the commissions can be mixt, because responsibility of state are equal to men and women…”, this is a very important step to his emancipation of female sex, but it is alone ideal think. Second step very imaginative is common richness and abolition of possessive adjective mine and your; al is common, he said: “Therefore we must be agree also regard that we have said, this is that they don’t have house or land and richness, but they are going to receive by other staple to compensation their work of defense…”, it is simply absurd; and much centuries after this bull ships, a Italian historical man, Francesco Guicciardini, in his more famous book, History of Italy, mentioned the particular, that is personal interest to his owner, because alone so a city can be defended, and chief can use this suggestion and interest to use defense and conquer other richness.; Guicciardini sees his time and habit of his inhabitant, Plato fly on cloud and very sorrow that this fly to make also Socrates, that while was died, fortunately, because I think that he could fire before Plato and after the Republic. It isn’t political think but alone bull ship necessary to keep this imaginary city-state. We must consider that this book is written by Plato and has two natures, one the rational pragmatism of Socrates, and second is fantasy of Plato; the first sees reality and mankind, and the second has alone fantasy and ideal imagine of Plato, that is imaginative. The last consideration, if this model of city is perfect to defense and life of inhabitant, why nothing cities of ancient Greek has used? It book he has written between 380b.Ch and 370 b.Ch, thereupon Athens could have adopted this model; in fact some step after he has written: “…The our think was not demonstrate that these models are workable, but to consider these models to felicity and his contrary, so to understand the proximity these exemplars…”, therefore this book is a model and criterion to education of man, thereupon it is absolutely abstract.  

Alessandro Lusana 

 

                       

    

 

Socratic Aristoteles

Through read of Repubblic of Platon we can undestood the spring of razionality of Ariastoteles, that is evidently and mecanic in sillogism; some step of Repubblic can gives explication of this concept; “…To whom and what justice must returns to have thi name? We must be coherent to said after, we must give favours to friends and harms to enemies. You say that to Simonides we must give good to friends and harms to enemies?”, this elementar step is normal but it is alsoa teaching about the razionality of Aristoteles; because this logic think is important to understand the philosophy of Aristoteles, sillogism, that is peack of this rationality, because he used the logic and the formal logic, and it is coherent in logical development, abstract it is concept, because in real life it is different certainly, but in logical think is perfect, this method of philosophical teaching is from Platon; other step: “…when we play who is valid aid the right man or expert player?”, answer: “Expert player” and other: “We can set stones to build brick is opportune to have the right man or  mason?”; these answer we would give to somebody that has asked same things; certainly but is is the origin of razionality of Aristoteles, at last to method; and other step, I think, ground of this way, they are saying about the right man and Socrates says about a sentinel that has took secrets of enemies: “The sentinel is very good because he has took secrets?” the answer: “Certainly”; and “Thereupon if one man is very good sentinel he is also very good thief”, therefore the right man is clever to keep money and he is likewise to thief”, answer:” Certainly”, therefore, ends Socrates: “We are standing to evidence the right man is also a thief…”, these steps are very explain of rationality that has origin in Socrates and follows to Platon and come to Aristoteles, thereupon we can think that Aristoteles is socratic thinker, althoug he hasn’t known Socrates; and this sillogism is mechanical think that we can tookm from Socrates but through Platon and after to Aristoteles. Other step: “…So is friend who seems good and he is so. Who seems good but he isn’t so, he is also mislaiding friend and certainly no true, and same criterion is valid to enemy”; other: “From this think we can undestand that friend is right man and enemy evil…”. It is razionality thought but is is also Socratic.

Alessandro Lusana

 

The man of Pietro Aretino

During read of letters of (1492-1556) sometime befalls that some punctual reference to human nature there is, and Aretino very synthetically shows very truth of human kind. The first notation is regard religion; in fact in a letter he has expressed that man doesn’t religion when is predominant private interest; it is very truth, when Charles 5^th, catholic imperator, want alliance with protestant to destroy Francis 1th, king of France; therefore religion, now, is very inopportune and Charles 5^th and he didn’t consider that his allies are protestant because enemy is Francis 1th; in other letter, to Gian Antonio from Foligno(Italian city), and dated 3th April 1537, he said, regard his book: “…of people that has accused I laugh because is costume to reproach laudable thing…”, it is very truth because to envy critic and other offences to something or somebody, above all to a very remarkable thing. Other letter in 5^th 1537he said about Alessandro de Medici:…I give honor and cry him by men that would not honored and cry never, I have took lodes to him from mounts  who, to envy, reproach him”, to blame somebody alone to envy is natural human kind. In the 3th may of 1537 other letter has equal judgement about envy: “The richness brazen audacity of evils is cause of these whisper that other give against your fame”, this is common people sais against you because you are rich and famous; thereupon usually envy. All continues always to same way, because in other letter he says: “I have very cure dearest son, that the melancholic reproach me because if they lode me I therefore seem as them. And envies with offense to me the virtues they think angry, on contrary they I am happy because I begin become glorious because I am envied”, and other letter was right: “…because habit worry in house the perfidy, man is habit to bear offenses and he became king of patience…”, everything is true because with habit every man considers offenses as natural reaction, therefore it is became natural.

Alessandro Lusana

  

 

Pander

Pietro Aretino(1492-1556) a Italian poet that during his life has made the ruffian; I estimated Aretino for his atheism and irony that he has expressed on his epigraph, very amusing, but I don’t abide the ruffian also during past time, the read of his letters is very instructive to this behavior, because he written to imperators, kings and popes and other, and he has written Lustful advisements, a book very sacrilegious and vulgar, but he has written The life of Saint Catherine a ruffian book to attain a wage form a cardinal, but he has not had it, and he ordered that on his epigraph was written: “Here is buried Pietro Aretino, Tuscan poet, that has wrong seek say about everybody, except of Christ and he has excused by words “I don’t know him”, but in letters he has showed his very fear and formal respect to power men, he was son of courtesan, and I think that he has followed job of his mother, because he was ruffian to everybody, and courtesan is ruffian to everybody, until somebody is useful, because after  he has very soon forgotten, whore is even so, he has changed patron and financier very much times even a prostitute changes customer. He has written in 1526 Lustful above mentioned and he has written: “Jesuit sacristan father has had took very much luxury that to withhold it he has putted genital in saint water”, sacrilege verses certainly, and he a years after has written a letters to Clement 7^th pope: “Although the fortune domains, our Lord, states of men, where put hand God…as your lordship ask to Jesus with prayers…”, but is same Pietro Aretino that as written Lustful advisement or homonymous? He is same writer, same writer of epigraph above mentioned. I know that at that time these formulas, very false and hypocrite as is diplomacy, are oblige to a letters above all to power men, but he could not writes these letters, or not send to these power men, but he hasn’t attained something, therefore he is a ruffian. I can accept this behavior when is life in risk or other that we consider very important to our survival but he certainly hasn’t this problem, he wanted money alone, as courtesan want favors and money, in Latin language we can say: “Sicut mater sicut filius”, courtesan his mother it has been him.

Alessandro Lusana