Economic lex artis

The statues of arts in Italy is a reference, certainly less important than others materials of art, as painting, sculpture, architectures, biographies and handbook, above all in Middle Age, instead to biographies is Renaissance, to Giorgio Vasari, the life of painters, sculptors and architects from Cimabue until our days, edited in 1550 and 1568; but the statutes are very scant, thereupon when we have possibility of read and shown some characteristic we can, no certainly must, consider from these boring read some information that can give to us news about the arts and his practice: the first is in Statues men’s of art of painting of Perugia city, translated but original is(ORDINAMENTA HOMINUM ARTIS PICTORUM CIVITATIS PERUSIJ 1366); we can ascertain that this corporation,  is born in 1366, before of Saint Luck academy of Rome, that is native to from 1478, year when are renewed his statues; but we can think that this date is posterior to original foundation, though we don’t what is year; anyway taking the certain date of Roman corporation, 1478, it thinks that the corporation of Perugia, an Italian in center Italy, is specific of painters, because in Florence, for example, the painters could signup alone to corporation of doctors and apothecaries, because one of most important corporations of Florence, even Dante Alighieri, eminent poetry of Italy, was signup to this corporation; anyway the statues of Perugia, indirectly, inform us that the cost of colors, to specific qualities was very relevant, so that is necessary a fine to who cheats, in fact: “So we assert that who promises give to other the ultramarine blue and instead he gives blue from Germany, he is going to give to arts 100 money”, (the Latin text says: “ Item dicimus et ordinam; quod;quicunqe promittet dare alicui auzurum ultramaìnum et dabit auzurum alamanie cotati dee artis nomiè pene .C foldos denari.ibi uere teneatur”. This is nothing that is important certainly but we must consider that the color of blue ultramarine then was very rare and costly because was necessary grind the lapis lazuli that was imported from Afghanistan, hence it was very precious, and the art work that uses this color could be very costly. We can also deduce that this statute is written after the 1366, why? Simple because is ordered that is celebrate the holyday of blessed Hercolaneum, born in Piegaro, near Perugia, to end of 14^th century, thereby 1366 is outstripped. The corporation have to defend the interest of painters but they have to be present, as says an article: “So we say and order that if somebody from this art is ordered or rector, if he come to meeting or with other name. A note about valor of material is both to color, as we have seen, and to parchment; in fact we can read an article of this statue that says: “So we say and order that the chief that now and temporary is liable must restitute the statute and codex of statutes…”; why? It is useless you can write a copy, or not? Certainly but the parchment was very costly, and the statute is a copy alone, thereby the chief have to restitute it and stop. This read certainly much short, can induces us to think that in this statute are present, although no explained, also economic motives and we can consider these rules are tied to frame economic of his time, that include also the economy, today 200 dollars, that today isn’t much, and thereupon we can understand that the job of painter, then, isn’t limited to gain, because the fine is very skarn, we must also consider that during Middle age the art was very short, alone with Giotto and the cycle of Assisi art become narrative and above all decorative.The corporation is also medical assistant because an article says: “So we order that if somebody of this art corporation has brigade both in palace or jail some was detained or illness in body he bears to health life chief and rector have to provide until to necessary quantitate. But health is both of body and the wit, because following article says: “So we say and order that the matters of discordance that are heard among the signup they must give to rector…”, I think that this article wanted avoid that these querrels and with usual beating or died, because in Italy so is normal, also in 14^th century. But this corporation protects also from others signup, because other article says: “So we says that  if somebody of this art takes a commission and this work isn’t satisfy the signup must work this painting until the corporation judgement it satisfying, and thereupon the painter is free of other duties”.

Alessandro Lusana 

 

     

 

Aristotelian evolution

The Categories of Aristotle is an evolution, very important, because logic and speculative of syllogism, because it treats with much argument that is hint in Analytic first; the continuation in semiotic  meaning, this is the development of philosophical concept that uses same tool, namely the words and his significance, that is a logic exercise, evidently necessary also to Andronicus of Rhodes(100 b.Ch.-20 b.Ch.), necessary to gather traits of Aristotle that were about the logic. The dynamic of think that has foretold the syllogism is the logic exercise that is evident and obvious and nobody has said, for example: “Everything is said of substance first took as subject, or it are in it as in subject. This is evident from single case that are presented. For example, animal is predicated to man, hence a some man; in fact if it don’t predicated to nobody of men, we can’t predicate to a man…”; it is normal and palmar, but I want show that it is criterion of syllogism that in Organon, this is tool, a book of Aristotle that included, from Andronicus of Rhodes that gathered the oral lessons of Aristotle, book that pools the logic works; and the logic is principal foundation of these works, and evidently these are pooled because each work was logic, and the Categories is first of these books, in fact is evident and very simple because evidently prepares the successive Analytic, that is logic work of Aristotle, he says in this book: “About second substances, the species is major substance of gender, because is  very near to first substance…For example, we can give a information certainly more precise and specific saying that he is a man rather the animal; in fact the first nature is much more specific of some man, the second more common, and describing a some three it is give an information more precise saying that this a three and not plant”; the logic and preparation of syllogism is on going; and the reprobate is in some steps of Analytic first: “First we must say about to what corresponds the search, and we must clear that it is corresponds to demonstrative science…”. The logic is evident and very easy to follow steps: “The demonstrative proportion is different from that dialectic, because the demonstrative proportion must took one of two parts of proportion of contradiction, in fact who demonstrates not give the questions but takes, on stead the dialectic is question is question of a contradiction. But nothing difference respect to building of syllogism…: in fact both who demonstrates and who askes thinks to take something belong or no to something…”; it seems the Socratic logic but now in rational and explicative to method and the conclusion; hence Aristotle has developed these concepts that have origin in the Categories, where he has introduced these tool necessary to search, but always keeping the speculative address of his philosophy.

Alessandro Lusana   

 

Aristotelian nominalism

The nominalism of William from Ockham (1287-1347) is a think, or better, a build of Aristotle(384-322 b.Ch.), that has his logic in syllogism, an exercise of Aristotle necessary to verify the rightness of a proposition; it is an exercise very simple, because we must take that first part of proposition, until verb, and second part tie to second proposition, an example: Socrates is philosopher and the dog is ugly; we must take the first part of this proposition: Socrates is and we must tie ugly, this is predicate of the first proposition; thereby: Socrates is ugly; this is true; in fact Socrates was all except beautiful. After it is present the direct of rightness examination, that is alone real. The nominalism differentiates between universal terms, as humanity, that is alone a name, necessary to gather similar things; thereby, general gender haven’t autonomous life, above all in intellectual works: this distinction and origin is alone hinted in a book(Ockham’s theory of terms. Part I of the Summa Logicae, p.15), where is written that: “For the medieval, the view that these two distinctions are related was legitimized by Aristotel’s claim that the universal is that which is predicable of many.” To grammatical build that has meaningful: “Nor the general terms introduce universals when they function as the predicate of subject-predicate propositions…”; this concept is determinated from Aristotle’s syllogism, because melts the philosophical concept with a grammatical rule; the syllogism, that we have seen above is same dynamic; thereupon it melts the philosophical concept and practical grammar, to after must follow the speculative inquiry; other philosophical work of Aristotle that has determined this address is Categories, where Aristotle distinguished the substance, the first of then words that are necessary to inquiry that truth, that in ancient Greek is λεγομενα; this exercise, that is, if we see well, an result of syllogism, uses the words to search the human reality, same method of Aristotle, that used the words to set the philosophical truth; it is the Aristotelian version Middle age. William Ockham known perfectly the ancient Greek, he was one of three European intellectual that could read the ancient Greek. The difference is substantially in method because on stead to Aristotle this criterion is necessary to search the truth to Nominalism it is an essential reference to make the scheme to know the science. The nature of semiological meaningful of the word and the analysis  made on the word, thereupon the valor of word, thereby the meaning same and essence is in Categories of Aristotle, because the philosopher begun his book with a distinction of synonyms, homonyms and paronymy, and the explication about difference is explained with clearness, but it is motive to consider that the value of word, to nominalism, is fundamental and when Middle age has took conceived the nominalism has took the method of Aristotle and has used it to shape the search; the inquiry to the truth proposition and his verification is explained in same book:“…a subject-predicate proposition is true if the subject is numbered among the things signified by the predicate term; otherwise, it is false”; thereupon the verification, speculative verification, directly from Aristotle is constant, because the inquiry is fundament of every truth; it is Aristotelian method, that refuse what isn’t speculable, this is visible; in fact, Aristotle refused the infinitive conception, because the infinite we can alone think but not see; the scientific truth is when it is speculative. Reprobate is other step of same book that, without say it, is manifestation of follower of Aristotle: “Ockham describes the mental language, which is the vehicle of thinking, in terms of concepts appropriate to spoken language”; I hear the judgements, that say: “It is simply logic and human, dear stupid”; I keep the stupid because it is normal, and due; but I want concentrate the attention about the criterion of search, because, the words: “Ockham describes the mental language, which is the vehicle of thinking…”, are the proof of Aristotelian of Ockham, why? Because he has seen that mental language is vehicle of thinking, but has seen it, hence he has adopted the speculative method. Aristotle in same book of Categories affirms: “When a thing is predicated of other as a subject, every thing is said of predicate are said also to subject. For example, man is predicate of some man, animal is predicate of man: thereupon animal is predicate also of a some man. In fact a some man is both man and animal”, other example: “When the genders are different and not be subordinated one to other, also the differences are specifically different: for example those of animal and science. In fact the differences of animal are terrestrial, volatile, aquatic and biped, but nothing of these is difference of science; because a science isn’t distinct from other science because it is biped”; it is speculative inquiry of Aristotle, whose logic is adopted from Ockham; it is furthermore speculative is also obvious, but it is so much obvious that nobody has said before, mentioning of Robert von Musil(1880-1942), we can say that: “the monument is so much great that nobody sees it”.We must also consider that the Nominalism is born in Scholastic school(9^th-15^th centuries), this is an philosophical address that has canonized the think of medieval age, on stead in ancient Greek think and the schools were very much, thereupon every man could follow an  different address.

Alessandro Lusana

 

Zoological theology

The Mediaeval encyclopedia of animals both fierce and no, commonly called Bestiaries, in Latin language, the Physiologus, may written in 8^th century after Ch., at last to Latin version, because the original is between 2th and 4^th centuries; an example of theological zoology, this is an assimilation between natural behavior of animals and Gospel source, necessary to author to learn the maxims of Gospel; in fact it says, regard the lion, that: “When the lioness gives birth cub is died and to third days when father come there he blows of cub and it relive”, the deep sense of this description is whole in Gospel and resurrection of Christ, that after three days is relive to his father this is God, in fact the anonymous author of this treat says: “So the omnipotent father resurrected  among the died our Lord Christ; furthermore regard to the antelope, description is as a fierce animal and other, but to faithful  man he said: “So you must make , man of God…your horns are the two testaments, through you can throw every sin, adultery, avarice, envied, pride, homicide, drunkenness, luxury…”; a geological description, absolutely fantasy is to the stone that is called “that is “terobolem” igniferous, and these magmatic stones when are near one to other this is a male to female they are burned; the advisement to religious man is that: “Therefore men of God stay very long by women, so that  in your soul isn’t fire of luxury…”; the sawfish in opinion of author has enormous wings, that has seen he alone, but interesting to this essay is that comparison of this fish that swims following the board is similar to men that begun with strong wit but after lost it  and pride, avidity and drunkenness are won by vices; contrary the board is symbol of right men that, through feat travel securely. The caradrio, with bird, that in Middle Age was assimilated to Christ, because he is white in fact he says: “The caradrio represents our Lord. The our Lord is candid and without stain, and regard his therapeutic propriety he can cures the sick with glance and he took herself the sickness and he fly to sky, as Christ that has took the sins of human gender and has flown to sky”; thereby  every object, inclusive the animals has a meaning that has near to religion, and these interpretations are derived from time, this is Middle Age, when all could relate to omnipotent God, and the zoology is immune from this interpretation.

Alessandro Lusana  

 

        

 

Pragmatic tolerance

In Italy, at last in Italy, Frederick 2th(1194-1250) is explained with every merits that he has had, undoubtedly, but he has presenters also with a tolerance that in Middle Age didn’t exist, because he has gathered much intellectuals that were also Muslims and Jews, that were his court and historical men; this is in official version of historiography  is an example of tolerance; but it is so or other motive has determined the presence of so much unchristian intellectuals? Certainly other motives and the principal is merely political, or rather the administration of Sicily needed also the persons that has experience of administration and that just has tried the political management; persons that Frederick has took from his father that has just proved the capacity. The names of Jacob Anatoli(1194-1256), Juda Cohen, Ibn Sabin(1217-1271), Al Khusrawi are intellectuals active in court of Frederick, that was orphan of his father, Henry 6^th,when he was three years old; thereupon he took what his grandfather, Rugger 2th, has had in his court; other confirm of this hypothesis is a step of David Abulafia(Frederick 2th, p.29); because he said that the system of management were the same of Rugger 2th. and William 1th that reigned between 1154 and 1160, that took as counselor Leo from Rayza member of Muslim community in Bari during middle age; thereby the tolerance was very pragmatic, because to William, and his successor, need managements with science and experience; certainly Frederick was an intellectual herself because he was very hungry of knowledge; hence he take profit to this presence of intellectuals, but it isn’t tolerance but a tradition that Frederick to whom Frederick was adherence, because he seen it from his born. Furthermore same author has denied that the court of Frederick was a center cultural very high, because this court followed that of Castile in Spain, where much translators by Arabic language and other; but every historic men that has written on Frederick has forgotten that he have to manage a state, thereupon he has need of clever managers, because his first busy was empire of his family; same historical man, indirectly, confirms this hypothesis, because he describes the character of Frederick(p.218): “Frederick was not a man to satisfy of usual explication…; he had a mind very scant incline to abstractions, he was attracted by  real facts of material word.”, it is says that the character of Frederick was very near to practical, typical of policy, rather than platonic toughs. Thereby Frederick 2th managed his empire, stirred between meridional Italy and Germany with practical way, and his tolerance is alone to use science of intellectuals.

Alessandro Lusana      

          

 

 

Historical fantasy

The rapport of human kind with fantasy is primordial in human being, and the epiphanies are works of this innate, and we can ascertain it in literature of middle age that is stemmed from ancient, a difference is present, stead to be a pagan divine is Cristian, but miracles and other are same. But we must consider that in opinion of George Duby(The thousand year. Religious and common psychology p.85) the monks studied the Latin language on ancient authors; in fact the Latin grammatical was learned on verbal way, but exercitation and translation works were on Latin texts, thereupon the history, this is chronicles are full of references of pagan word and myths, that are Christianized, because the source is pagan. Examples can be the a chronicle(Annals of Saint Benoit sur Loire), that in year 1003 strange and strong inundations, and the birth of a monster that his parents have drowned; I think that it is a history that has took from myth of Narcissus, that tried his image reflected in source of water and he drowned; but the Gospel took some source from ancient myths, because the Apocalypse(Capitol 20)says that an angel has tied the Evil to a thousand years; I think that it has reference to the myth of Kronos, this is time, that Zeus has tied his father Kronos, thereby the gods are immortal: but  it is also Christian source to a dream of Otto III, German imperator, has dreamed the town where is buried Charles Magnus, by now forgotten, and after three days of fast he indicated where is, and after the exhumation  the body was exposed to public, but when Otto dreamed the body he seen Charles Magnus seat on gold throne; the source are to both from Gospel, because the three days of fast are correspondent to three day of resurrection of Christ, and the four evangelist told the resurrection, and the Apocalypse is necessary to the figure of Charles Magnus, because on throne where seat the beheaded, the Apocalypse tells: “And I seen some thrones and they(beheaded) seated on it. Hence the middle age the chronicles has had precise sources, Latin literature and Gospel; often the two source are fused; we must consider also that monopoly of culture was in religious orders, thereupon we can read alone the chronicles that from a side alone, because the common people  was illiterate. Today we should thank the monks and their chronicles because these has told the Middle age and the history of their times.

Alessandro Lusana    

            

 

Two human documents

The judgement of Ludwig von Pastor(1854-1928) about Giovanni Boccaccio(1313-1375) is very ridiculous, in fact he said: “Boccaccio, with special predilection gathers, in his tales, the jockeys and insult to priest, monks and nuns and with sarcasm he propones it  as examples of hypocrisy and immoral behavior”; this judgment in the first book of History of popes from the end of Middle age, is a very headwork of hypocrisy; or von Pastor hasn’t read Decameron, and certainly he has read because he has expressed his evaluation, or, I think, he working to his searches in Vatican City he has adhered to morality of Vatican, hence he has so spoke about a writer that has told the human kind, that in Middle age has had these behavior, and also after, in modern era, to example, pope Paolo 3th(1468-1549) has had four sons, Ugo Boncompagni 13^th(1502-1585) has had one son, because then wasn’t scandal that a pope or priest has had a son; I retake a document that I have found in Archivio Caetani Rome(Misc.441/5), a boll, in 1262, of Urbano 4^th pope, said that Reginaldo from Sermoneta priest in Anagni now with a daughter; the Boccaccio written the Decameron between 1349 and 1353, thereupon 87 years before that the this book was written, and then a priest has had a son; other short notation; until 3th century a.Ch. the religious could marriage. The narration of Boccaccio is a portrait of human gender and his time, he was believer and I consider a painting of his time, because he described, with fantasy certainly, but he portrayed habits of his time, he his documentary of 14^th century in Tuscan; von Pastor is offended as catholic, and his idealism of sacrificed life of priest is idealized, and he took morality of his time; would be to von Pastor think it, that he lives in moral contest and assumes the current opinion as Boccaccio has took examples and episode of his time; thereby we can consider Boccaccio as absolutely true to von Pastor, that has a human document of his time, with reactions and behaviors typical of his time; von Pastor could have justified Boccaccio, that hasn’t need of justifications, if he have considered that the adherence to a conformist respectability in time of Boccaccio wasn’t; and during the last years of his life Boccaccio wanted burn his Decameron, and a priest saved this book; if it was motive to scandal a priest, in conformity to morality of his time, could have burn the book and the author; but evidently then was normal that priest have these behavior that Boccaccio describes, von Pastor is document of his time and Boccaccio of his time.

Alessandro Lusana  

 

Occasional coherence

I must consider a script of Paolo Sarpi(1552-1623), because he is, in conformity to his times, a pimp and polemical to somebody, now we can value that this occasion that a book has given to Sarpi to contradict yourself is striking, he said: “The spiritual things are to priest, the laic to princes and both depend from God…In human kind isn’t a power that orders the both powers…”; we can answer to this sentence: “Welcome in human word dear Paolo, but when do you have written Trait of interdict of Paolo 5^th, where you have denied that the pope could process two Venetian priests, and you have denied that Paolo 5^th has had this power, a question, who given to you the salary? Venetian republic? Yes, this is occasional coherence; thereby you aren’t a jurist you are a pimp, that defended the Venetian republic, in that occasion, because you have interest, hence if tomorrow you are going to change the host, you will change judgement; very compliment, you are a true example of coherence”; furthermore this threat says: “Proportion first. The precept of superior(although of pope doesn’t obliges to be followed…”; hence we have now a new consideration, the catholic clerical can’t follow the order of pope, fortunately that Paolo Sarpi has informed us, because in the history of Church the priest were to be faithful to orders of pope, as today; he justified this inobservance through these follow words: “Everybody knows that are very much the percepts and lows of popes that are kept but it haven’t value to some reign, because it isn’t published…”; here we can answer:” If some reign is protestant, hence it don’t recognize the pope and the catholic Church is normal that these reign don’t obey to pope. Proportion second. It is normal because this interdict was applied to two religious men; hence they are inform to they colleagues; and other infant error: “it is didn’t read in churches or in other public site…”, the interdicts are were applied to single person and no certainly to public. Last Sarpi adopt the false written of pope Sylvester(285-335), and he says that this pope has written: “…if obedience to Church determined scandals or other wrong it you don’t follow…”, it is message of pope Sylvester; thereupon the orders of pope in fundamental question because to Catholic church, because the pope is vicar of Saint Peter, the first pope, and he represents that Christ, hence who follows Peter follows Christ. We have understand that Sarpi contract the Church every time, now to pimp and other to posture. We could advisement Sarpi that the next book he should read more and after think that he has writes, by now  he is history alone, and we can take read his book to learn how  a book we must not write. Thank to you Paolo Sarpi.

Alessandro Lusana   

 

 

Courses and recourses in history and daily

We usually called habit that is to us normal because we are habituate of something, certainly we didn’t think never, but this action that is repeated is a course and recourses; I imagine answers of reader: “It is logic, but where is original think? You are a fool and stop! Or philosophically you are Kantian follower!”; thank you but I am not drunk of obviousness, and I don’t consider the objective alone. I don’t follow Kant; the original consideration is that it is course and recourse of daily, that we can synthetize with word “experience”; if we think the experience we can pike some episode that is turned similar or equal is similar or equal condition; it is course the first time and recourse the second time, thereupon: experience. This discourse has a sense, because a Italian philosopher, Giambattista Vico(1668-1744) has said about course and recourse of history, in The new science, this is the history, that is human build and long its run the similar or equal contexts are present, and the man works with same instrument, certainly improved , in opinion of Hegel: “the present is past improved”, thereupon the armies, for example, are improved long time, but men has kept same habit of domain or will of potency in opinion of Schopenhauer; thereby the history is same every moment, but same dynamic we can find in daily with person that we know, the same gestures, same word and same behavior; it is obvious, thereupon? In history is same, because the history is human result; we can consider a moment of France history(Jacque Bainville, Histoire de France, 1volume, pp.21-22), he said: “To occasion of his death, in 767, Pipin has pacified and reunited the Gaul whole and also the indocile Aquitaine…”, this mention is necessary to the successor, no direct but indirect of Pipin(714-768), this is Charles Magnus(748-814), the Bainville comments: “Thereupon Charles Magnus has had the benefit of unit. He has had so that of duration and he could exercise the power to fourth five years”; what is connection to other historical moments? Simple to other Charles, but now no Magnus but fifth, this is Charles 5^th(1500-1558), imperator of Germany, and Spain, and territories in USA and Holland, very famous is one his phase: “On my reign doesn’t set never the sun”, because over Europe also USA was partial Spanish, and he was also king of Spain; but this introduction is necessary to consider that Charles 5^th has had great fortune, because the Europe was generally pacified and he could exercise his potency on his reigns; same context of other Charles, this is Magnus, that after the peace he could reign, but distance between the two Charles is 719 years, and seven centuries are much in history; but the context is similar, same condition, and one that is protagonist because the kingdoms generally were in peace, thereupon he could reign, except some European wars but he was very calm, this condition was occurred also seven centuries before to France; thereby the course and recourse of history is truth.  

Alessandro Lusana     

 

 

Platonism of Kant

Immanuel Kant(1724-1804), in the critics of pure mind, in introduction said: “Though every our knowledge begins through experience, but it isn’t that it derived entirely from experience. It could to occur that our empiric knowledge is a compost of that we receive through the impressions and that our possibility of knowledge add in autonomy(because simply stimulated  by external impressions…”, this mention could be useless if we don’t consider that this step of Kant is specular to dynamic of knowledge of Plato; the myth of cavern is the short explication of Plato regard to knowledge of men; Plato descants that the knowledge of men is alone a window, as a man that sees a wall of cavern and he looks alone widows, thereupon alone partial image that pass, because the truth knowledge is alone the world of ideas, that is eternal and immutable; in fact in Phaedon, a book of  Plato, Socrates explain what is this world of ideas, but before is introduction of argument, and to understand it we are going to read some steps: “Every thing you don’t touch, see or perceive them, and we can understand t it alone through the think? These realities aren’t  may invisible and inaccessible to sight?!” answered Cebetes, other interlocutor: “How do you are saying”, thereby, Socrates adds: “ Do you allow me, that are two kind of existence, one is visible and other invisible?”, Cebetes: “Yes”. In conformity of opinion of Plato our soul, that is preexisting to body, goes to world of ideas and there sees every thing, after in the body we have alone remembers of the first speculation, in Latin acceptetion, thereupon sight of these thinghs, that are equal to world of ideas; and the other concept of “in itself”, very important to Plato and Kant; the world of ideas is to Plato in hyperuranium, bover the space, then known; the rapport between ideas and the real things is the “mimesis”, this is imitation; the thing in the world are alone poor imitation of same things in the hyperuranium, that are perfect; and other concept Plato’s very important to Kant is the “metessis”, ideas is same sustance, the thing partecipe to the ideas, and the concept of “parusia”, this is the ideas is present in the thing and it is essence. We can consider again that mention that we over side read: “It could to occur that our empiric knowledge is a compost of that we receive through the impressions and that our possibility of knowledge add in autonomy(because simply stimulated  by external impressions”; it is the “metessis”, this is same sustance of thing; thereupon Kant is influenced directly from Plato, and he has took directly his ideas. Proof of this judgement is following step Kant's: "It existe a question that needs more exam...if existe an similar knowledge indipendent from experience and from every sensible impression. This king of knowledge are called "a priori", and it are distinct from empiric, that have directly source rear, this is experince"; it seems Plato in modern version, we known every thing alone that the soul has in the body and after that has seenthe wordl of ideas. 

Alessandro Lusana

 

Temporary logic

If we consider some words of our gran fathers or parents or of a guy was older among us, we can understand what is his time and generation, because the habit is different, and above all he has conceptions and behavior different, thereby he his a historical document, as us; but he is also bearer of a different logic, it is tied to his generation and his habit and his logic is derived by his time, this is material conditions that occurred in past times; thereby the logic is temporary but in superficial state, this is when it is tied to external phenomenal, this is sensible dates or material dates, because the logic when is deeper thereupon is same always, but in first state, this is sensible state it is changeable, because it is integrant side of our generation, but is temporary, because after us other logic because other instruments are born, thereby other conceptions and other behavior. One example to understand dynamic flow of time; Aristoteles during 4^th century b.Ch, has adopted and used the syllogisms to find a logic in words, a proposition is truth if it is adherent to syllogism; thereby it is logical instrument of Aristoteles; Socrates, more pragmatic and concrete inquired with questions, often elementary, and he found the contradiction in think that seemed logic; between Socrates and Aristoteles intervene alone 15 years, because Socrates died in 399 b.Ch and Aristoteles is born in 384 b.Ch., in Stagira, Macedonian; although difference is very limited Aristoteles is considered a philosopher of successive generation, because he was pupil of Plato, pupil of Socrates; though time is very scarce but everyone has his logic; Plato has world of ideas, Socrates logic dialectical, and Aristoteles syllogism; three philosophers almost contemporary but they used three different systems; during Middle age William from Occam(1287-1347), uses the Socratic logic and the Aristotelian logic: Hegel used the idealist logic, Feuerbach anthropologic logic regard the religion, between these last two philosopher are flowed alone 10 years, though very scarce the difference is radical; thereupon we are bearer of our history, biographical history and also historical documents also for our logic, that is different form today logic, and this flow is going to change to future generations, that are going to be documents. The last note for this essay is a sentence fo Fichte(1762-1814) that explains this concept of customization of think: "The philosophy that is chosen is what is a single man"

Alessandro Lusana        

    

     

 

The French revolution and origin of hegelian left

The French revolution has taught certainly that the full liberty is possible, because the dictatorship that we can, with very much fantasy, was not existent, and alone moral respect and economic causes has determined this revolution; but the causes isn’t motive to this essay, because I want see the cause of born of hegelian left; this is the contrast to ideological think of Hegel. The origin is the French revolution because the official founder Heinrich Heine(1797-1856) of this polemical philosophical current , the first is a poet, and second he has involved from revolutionary wet of French, and he is very ideological inclined to a revolution like the French, above all because he lived in Prussia, where the State is very strong, thereupon the psychological reaction equated, so the State and son so the essays about Napoleon and revolution; but he is also a pragmatic person because he has used words that are moderate in confront to following: “The reality is today, the word aristocratic, I don’t think to nobility of born, but everybody that live to on back of people…the exploitation of man on man overcome every declamation regard privilege of born.” This discourse is very revolutionary, and in Prussia he has written, but if in Prussia was a dictatorship State, he should have been in jail, but it seems that he was free and he also come to French where written to a journal De l’Allemagne, in 1834. We must also consider that Heine was Lutheran, and doctrine of Luther ordered the free interpretation of Holy Bible, and Heine written this trial: “Luther set that his doctrine must be discussed and confuted through the Holy Bible or rationality, Luther seen to human intelligence the right to explain the Holy Bible, and the mind was appealed as judge…”; Luther given the freedom of interpretation, certainly to political causes, because the Roman Church imposed his interpretation; thereby Heine lived in country of religious liberty, and he fairly wanted this liberty also political; but I repeat he isn’t die in jail to his essays, he is died through to shooting to betrayed. Certainly he has given motive and example to found the hegelian left, but origin of this contrast is alone politic and ideological, and it is born from French revolution, thereupon the philosophical difference isn’t, because Hein was very deeply hegelian culturally.

Alessandro Lusana

 

Personal phylosophy

We are wont usually think that a philosophical think is a learn to other, and a book with title Deep history and the brain of Daniel Lord Smail, should induce us to consider that also the philosophy is a personal think that come from personal conditions, and the think certainly influenced, it is enough consider the influence of Aristoteles during much centuries; but the philosophical speculation of Aristoteles is come from personal qualities that his followers and pupils didn’t have; in fact commentators of works of stagirita, this is from Stagira, actual Olympiada, in Macedonia, is Alexander from Afrodisia, that is and rest alone a descriptor of works of Aristoteles; he is a Aristotelian scholar, but he is very limited to his comments to Aristoteles works; in fact he describes alone and a comment to think of master isn’t, why? Because he hasn’t had the intellectual possibility of Aristoteles; to Socrates same dynamic; in fact every his pupils, more famous is Plato, has followed the think of master; he during process said that the pupils interrogated the citizens and imitated him, but in history of philosophy nobody has followed Socrates and his think, why? Because nobody has had qualities of Socrates, his intelligence and his rational and speculative capacity; thereby also the philosophy is a building very deep, from personal conditions, fantasies and intuitions that come from personal qualities. The intuition of Democritus and Leucippus about the smaller piece of matter, this is atom, is today valid but nobody has followed them, the think of these two philosophers is very important after centuries, but then nobody has considered their intuition, why? Because nobody has qualities of Leucippus and Democritus, and thereupon nobody has developed this think, why? Because nobody has had qualities of these philosophers, and when somebody has followed the think of a philosopher has personalized this think, a clear example is same Aristoteles, that has been pupil of Plato, but his philosophical think is very different from Plato, radically different; it is sign of intelligence no certainly common, but pupils of Plato and Aristoteles had not same intelligence, thereupon they have commented or alone read the works of these philosophers, thereby the passion and interest to philosophy was evidently scarce or nothing and their intelligence may very superficial. The philosophy is human and deep built of human kind.

Alessandro Lusana 

     

 

Classical Tolkien

In the classical Ronald Reul Tolkien(1892-1973) isn’t reference to the fairy tables that he has took from his mother, but classical affinity that evidently he has  interpreted in his literary works, the first is the myth of Arcadia, when in the Lord of rings, he describes the Hobbit seems minded to Arcadia myth: “regard to Hobbit in the county, they were, during peace and wealth, a people very happy, they wear with colors lively cloth, and they preferred the yellow and green and the haven’t shoes, because their feet were cover to hair…thereupon the unique work was the fabrication of shoes, to historical art men is automatic the reference to Giovan Francesco Barbieri called the Guercino(1591-1666), Italian painter that painted In Arcadian ego(Fig.1), this is the death is also in Arcadian, thereby this magic town isn’t alone illusion, because my sickle is also here; likewise are illusions the poetical idylls of Theocritus(315 b.Ch-260 b.Ch.), whose works are very fragmentary, but very meaningful to this myth: when Tirsi said “It is suave the whisper of the pine that rustles to source, but it is suave also your song from rods. You are going to have the second premium after Pan…The kinship that joins to Hobbit is evident and more stringent than that joins to elves or dwarves…”; therefore other reference to ancient literature is in the following words: “The love to study is very scarn diffused but some member of ancient families that studied the books of family and together chronicle about past times and about longer towns…”, it is evident that in Ancient Greece Homer was also read, as today, and a legendary past time, as Troy war, was present; as the idylls of Theocritus that is referred to uncertain and fantastic  times. Other matter is the long march: “To their chronicles…and even the older legends are from epoch of the Long March…”, we can think that this step is took directly from Thucydides because he has told about the march of Doric people from north to Greek with Heraclids, descendent from Hercules; this dynamic people is very specular to the march of migration toward Greek, that alone Thucydides told. The physic of Sturoi is robust and lower; the Doric people because they must be clever in fights they were trained with physical exercise; Tolkien gone in Italy three times and he, during his voyage could see some  Roman ancient sculpture, and he could take the figure of Sturoi from the sculpture of Tetrarchs, sculpture high alone 4,36 feet; herself said that the Italy has given much suggest to his works, therefore he has took from imagines and history ancient and modern, because the name of Bilbo has given, may, the name to Bilbo Beggins, personage of Lord of rings, but the Bilbo was also the sword that used the Hispanic soldiers during end of 16^th century, and the lands that were joined in years 1462: "The land of Buck and the occidental borders that were in to the County in 1462", this is indirect reference to discovery of American continent, in 1492. This is a step philosophical step of Epicurus that through the ataraxia has took the distance from common desire of wealth and extreme pleasure, this is interior equilibrium necessary to life; and other reference to ancient Greek is this step: “The Hobbit attributed to ancient king every right laws and the followed it because the rules ancient and right”; it is Sparta, rival city of Athens that attributed to Lycurgus every laws of city and the military order. I think that Tolkien has took much sources, he has joined it and other is literature, to mention Boudlaire.

Alessandro Lusana 

Fig.1

  

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Historic campanilism: Florence caput mundi

During the read of Giovanni Villani(1280-1348), the Story is very exaltation of virtus and courage and strategy skills of citizens of Florence; in fact in year 1117, the citizen of Pisa sailed against Mayorca asked to Florence to protect Pisa, and Florentine citizens made it, and they hanged a citizen that was come in Pisa after the prohibition; this episode may is true, but it is very incredible because Villani is born after 163 years after this moment, and this episode I think that nobody could told to John, that begun his Chronicle from 1307, thereby 190 years after this episode. In 1125 Florence conquered a city this is Fiesole, and in opinion of Villani more strong, this is deserve of Florentine citizens, because it is necessary to exalt to value of citizens, and belittle the citizens of Fiesole because after this compliment, evidently Villani didn’t recognize the contradiction, because he has said and judged Fiesole as a city of brigands and bad people; but whether Fiesole has chiefs bandits Fiesole could not so strong, because the bandits could have sold it to Florence; thereupon it is a told very approximately and tending to exaltation of Florentines and after destroyed it. Exaltation continues with measure of Florence; so what? Nothing certainly but in exaltation of Florence also the measures are valid motive; it is evident also for the narration of humiliation that Roger Borsa duke of Puglia(1060-1111) that to have the reign come to pope Onorio 3th and there he was humiliated with foot on the head, true gesture of submission; thereby about of a king told humiliating condition, but Florence has saved the word with heroic deeds. May this episode told from Villani was famous too because same historical man could hide; in fact he played one part tells the failed of Florentine and other he tells the victory and destruction: “In 1146 the Florentine had war to earl Guidi…and the earl Guide fight and defeated them…but after in 1154 they come back to Montedicroce and to betrayed they conquered it and destroyed it…”. Thereupon we can read a partial history that is very similar at last to wit to Giorgio Vasari(1511-1574), that is similar for the partial adherence to partial preference; in fact in the Lives he exalts the Michelangelo and the Florentine school and the Tuscan artist, but other are considered summary and the artistic schools of Italy are short considered.

Alessandro Lusana

 

 

 

Villani: historical legend

The historian Giovanni Villani(1280-1348), was a historian from Florence, and he has told about Florence, and Italy, with usually fantasy; he has took that historian before has told and he certainly didn’t accurate searches about Florence and Italy, and it is normal to ancient historians, during middle age above all, but he confused Baduila, better known with name of Totila(516?-552) king of Ostrogoths during the war Greek Gothic, in Italy, with Attila, king of Unnis from(434-453), in fact Villani told about meet with Saint Leone 10^th pope, and he hinted to conquest of Spain, where neither Attila neither Totila are come, in fact Attila after the meet with the pope after mentioned come back, but alone because he had few men and he didn’t known how much soldiers has had Rome; thereupon he makes the first error. The second error of Villani, Attila was defeated by Roman and Visigoths people in 451 a.Ch., near Chalons en Champagne, and the Roman general Ezio(a.Ch.390-454). Second error of Villani about the round table, that invented the born of witchcraft Merlin and confused the year 470 a.Ch, with 12^th century, when is born the legend of these knights, by the way this table was round so that nobody was chief, because the more important man was in table of the table; evidently Villani has had some eco about the Chretien de Troyes(1135-1190) and his romance and he has took these legends, enclose witchcraft Merlin, and he has tough that it is history; then it was very difficult distinction between history and legend, it is ancient tradition from Greece and Rome, often what was heard was history; a clear example is Uther Pendragon father of king Arthur, likewise legendary figure, that was descendent of Enea, a poetical figure of Virgil in Aeneid, metical founder of Rome. The name of king Edevancer is absolutely stranger from history, and other very amusing legends that today are laughable but then were very credible. Theodoric king of Goths didn’t kill nobody pope, but he had alone contrast lively with the Church, but nobody pope died, and in opinion of Villani Theodoric killed pope John first(470-526), that was imprisoned; and we consider that during reign of Thodoric was pope Simmac(election 498-514).

Alessandro Lusana